益生菌、益生元和后生元对食物过敏的影响和作用机制

食物过敏(food allergy,FA)的发病率在近二十年来持续上升，已经严重影响患者的生活质量。生命早期接触外源性抗原少而导致的免疫耐受限制是FA的主要原因。微生物-宿主的相互作用与FA密切相关，健康的微生物菌群促进宿主在生命早期建立成熟的免疫系统，减少FA的易感性，因此，改善肠道菌群和调节机体免疫在治疗FA中至关重要。益生菌、益生元和后生元被报道可以通过改善菌群和调节机体免疫的方式，减轻FA的症状和降低FA的发病率。本文概述了益生菌、益生元和后生元对FA的治疗作用和机制，以及不同研究之间不尽相同甚至相反的结果，讨论了它们在FA预防/治疗过程中的有效性和安全性，并对它们的应用前景进行了展望。

The effects and functioning mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics on food allergy

The incidence of food allergy (FA) has been rising in the past two decades, which has seriously affected the life quality of patients. Immunological tolerance defect owing to low exposure to exogenous antigens in the early life stage is the main cause of FA. FA is closely related to multipartite interactions between host and microbiome. A healthy microbiome promotes the establishment of a mature immune system in the early life of the host and reduces the susceptibility to FA. Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics have been reported to alleviate the symptoms and reduce the incidence of FA by improving the microbiome and regulating body immunity, which is of great importance in the treatment of FA. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics on FA and the results from different studies. Furthermore, we discussed their efficacy and safety in the prevention or treatment of FA and prospected their application.