Comparison of methods for the demarcation between earlywood and latewood in tree rings of Norway spruce |
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| Institution: | 1. Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00, Prague 6, Kamýcká 129, Czech Republic;2. Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, 252 02, Jíloviště, Strnady 136, Czech Republic;3. Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43, Průhonice, Zámek 1, Czech Republic;1. National Plateau Wetlands Research Center/Wetlands College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China;2. MOE Key Laboratroy of Western China’ Environmental Systems, College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China;1. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933, Móstoles, Spain;2. Unidad de Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Campus Universitario, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia;3. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Sede Tunja, 150003, Tunja, Colombia;4. Museo de Historia Natural “Noel Kempff Mercado”, Avda. Irala 565, 2489, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia;5. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192, Zaragoza, Spain;1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;2. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China;3. College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;1. Department of Geography, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria;2. Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia;2. V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Center ‘Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS‘, Akademgorodok 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia;3. iuFOR-EiFAB, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, Spain |
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| Abstract: | The precise demarcation between earlywood and latewood is important for the detailed analysis of intra-annual tree ring features. Different techniques based on visual assessment, wood anatomy analysis and X-ray densitometry have been developed and are currently used for this purpose. Depending on the chosen method, tree species and environmental conditions, the results can significantly vary. Thus, it is important to determine the technique optimal for a particular research. Here, we investigated Norway spruce (Picea abies) tree rings to examine the agreement among the following demarcation methods: (1) direct visual assessment, (2) Mork’s index (anatomical definition of the transition from earlywood to latewood based on cell wall-lumen ratio) and (3) fixed and floating density thresholds applied to intra-ring density profiles. The aim was to modify both the Mork’s criterion and density thresholds on the basis of reference values given by visual identification of earlywood/latewood transition. A total of 231 tree rings were analysed by all methods. Our results showed that the usage of floating threshold (defined for each ring separately based on density profiles) is more reliable in comparison with fixed threshold (the same threshold value used for all tree rings and samples). Statistical analysis revealed the best correspondence between visual identification of earlywood/latewood transition and demarcation based on the standard Mork’s index and the floating density threshold derived as 80 % of maximum latewood density. In terms of Mork’s index calibration, the results showed that to determine latewood cells in Norway spruce trees growing in temperate conditions, it is sufficient to use an index value equal to 0.83. The results are applicable for the studied spruce population growing in a temperate climate. The methodology itself, however, is universal and can help to calibrate criteria for earlywood-latewood demarcation under specific conditions. |
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| Keywords: | Wood anatomy Mork’s index Density threshold X-ray densitometry |
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