Dendrochronological analysis of the ancient architecture of Kingdom of Lo. Upper Mustang,Nepal |
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| Institution: | 1. University College London, Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK;2. Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, Oxford, UK;3. School of the Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;1. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933, Móstoles, Spain;2. Unidad de Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Campus Universitario, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia;3. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Sede Tunja, 150003, Tunja, Colombia;4. Museo de Historia Natural “Noel Kempff Mercado”, Avda. Irala 565, 2489, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia;5. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192, Zaragoza, Spain;1. Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, B. Krygowskiego 10, 61–680 Poznań, Poland;2. Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;3. Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62–035 Kórnik, Poland;4. Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60–625 Poznań, Poland;5. Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;1. Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, GPO Box 3323, Kathmandu, Nepal;2. Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal;3. Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy;1. Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;3. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;4. Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Quebec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada;5. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana, 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Upper Mustang is a land of extraordinary, precious, tangible and intangible cultural heritage deeply rooted in the Tibetan culture and tradition of Buddhism as well as the Bön religion. The unique architecture provides a great source of timber suitable for dendrochronological research. Century-old fortresses, palaces, Buddhist monasteries and temples, houses and chörtens reflect the great importance of wood as a building material (used alongside clay and stone). We present pioneering research on historical wood from Upper Mustang. The objectives of the study were to determine the wood species used in the traditional architecture of the region, to make an attempt to date materials from Upper Mustang using existing tree-ring chronologies developed for neighbouring geographical regions and to determine the need and the chance of creating separate tree-ring chronologies for Upper Mustang. For the presented study we collected 191 samples from the oldest buildings preserved in Upper Mustang. Anatomical studies of samples resulted in the identification of four species of conifer wood: Himalayan pine – Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks, Himalayan fir – Abies spectabilis D.Don, Juniperus spp. and Larix spp. The main achievement of our research was the development of an Upper Mustang master chronology covering the period from 1317 to 1943. The chronology is based on data derived from Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. |
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| Keywords: | Buddhist architecture Upper Mustang Kingdom of Lo dendroarchaeology master chronology |
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