主要农作物转基因研究现状和展望

近15年来，大豆、水稻、玉米、小麦等主要农作物转基因研究取得了较大进展，几乎各种遗传转化方法在这些作物上都取得了成功，尤其是农杆菌介导法，不仅在难转化的双子叶作物大豆上取得了成功，而且在单子叶作物水稻、玉米、小麦上先后取得了突破。同时，将一些与重要性状改良有关的外源基因转入了主要农作物，包括抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆、品质改良、发育调控、营养吸收等。转基因大豆、玉米、棉花、油菜在生产上得到了大面积种植，产生了极大的经济效益，2004年全球转基因作物的种植面积达到了8100万公顷。本文对大豆、玉米、水稻和小麦等主要农作物转基因研究历史和产业化现状进行了综述，并对主要农作物转基因研究中存在的问题进行了分析。

Review and Prospect of Transgenic Research on Main Crops

During the latest fifteen years a great progress has been achieved on transgenic research of the main crops including soybean, maize, rice, and wheat. Almost all the transformation techniques have been successfully used in these main crops. Especially for the Agrobacterium mediated transformation, not only succeeded in soybean, a recalcitrant dicot plant to be transformed, but also in rice, maize and wheat of monocot plants. At the same time, some useful genes related to the improvement of genetic characteristics, such as insect resistance, herbicide resistance, disease resistance, stress tolerance, quality modification, developmental regulation, nutrition absorption, have been delivered to these plants. Since 1996 transgenic rapeseed, cotton, soybean, and maize have been planted commercialized more and more year by year worldwide, and have produced huge economic benefit. In 2004 GMO crops covered 81.0 million hectares in the world. The status of research and commercialization on transgenic crops was summarized, and some possible problems on this field were discussed.