Detection of cyanobacterial sxt genes and paralytic shellfish toxins in freshwater lakes and brackish waters on Åland Islands,Finland |
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| Institution: | 1. Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A 6th Floor, 20520 Turku, Finland;2. Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A 3rd Floor, 20520 Turku, Finland;1. IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all’Adige – Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige (Trento), Italy;2. Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy;1. Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A 6th Floor, Turku 20520, Finland;2. Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A 3rd Floor, Turku 20520, Finland;1. Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Av. Mauro Ramos, 950, Florianópolis, SC CEP 88020-300, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Campus Reitor David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis, SC CEP 88040-900, Brazil;3. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Ecologia de Águas Continentais, Campus Reitor David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis, SC CEP 88040-900, Brazil;1. Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;2. Ningbo Branch of National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Ningbo 315201, China;1. Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all''Adige, TN, Italy;2. Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy;3. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway;1. Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China;2. Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Marine Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Harmful cyanobacteria are a globally growing concern. They produce a large variety of toxic compounds, including saxitoxin and its many structural variants, a group of potent neurotoxins collectively called paralytic shellfish toxins or PST. Nucleic acid based detection methods, such as qPCR, have been proposed as potential screening and monitoring tools for toxic cyanobacteria, but it is not clear how well the presence and quantity of saxitoxin biosynthesis (sxt) genes can be used to predict the production of PST in the environment. In this study, the prevalence of three sxt genes and their co-occurrence with paralytic shellfish toxins in the environment was investigated. The sxtA, sxtG and sxtB genes were present on average in 31% of the samples collected from lakes and brackish coastal waters on Åland Islands, Finland, during the three-year monitoring period. PST detection frequency varied from 13% to 59% from year to year, and concentrations were generally low. On average higher sxtB copy numbers were associated with PST detection, and although a positive correlation between gene copy numbers and toxin concentrations was observed (Spearman rank correlation, ρ = 0.53, P = 0.012), sxt gene presence or quantity didn’t reliably predict PST production. Sequencing of sxtA fragments and identification of main cyanobacteria indicated that the likely candidate responsible for PST production in the samples belonged to the genus Anabaena. |
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| Keywords: | Paralytic shellfish toxin Saxitoxin Cyanobacteria PCR Quantitative PCR |
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