雄性短尾猴维持临时配偶关系的行为适应性

临时配偶关系指多雌多雄灵长类群体中的一只成年雄性连续跟随一只成年发情期/性接受期的雌性形成的异性关系，在季节性繁殖物种的交配季节表现的尤为明显，是雄性个体提高交配成功的策略之一。为了探讨能量消耗对这种行为的约束，本研究于2017年8月至2018年1月，以栖息于安徽黄山的短尾猴鱼鳞坑A1群（YA1群）的8~10只成年雄性为研究对象，采用目标动物取样法、行为取样法以及全事件记录法采集成年雄性自然发生的行为数据。通过分析移动时间、觅食时间和交配频次等行为指标，同时测定作为个体能量状态生理指标的尿液C-肽浓度（Urinary C-peptide , UCP），从行为和生理两个方面研究雄性短尾猴维持临时配偶关系的适应性特征。研究期间，在临时配偶期内，雄性的移动时间无显著变化，但觅食时间和交配频率显著增加；在临时配偶期内，当存在雄性竞争者时，雄性的觅食时间显著减少；临时配偶关系对雄性的UCP水平无显著影响。结果表明，雄性短尾猴在临时配偶期内可能会根据能量消耗的情况以及守护雌性周围的社会环境对自身行为进行调整，以减少其在临时配偶期内的能量投资，提高自身维持临时配偶关系的行为适应性。

Behavioral adaptability for maintaining consortship in male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)

In primates, consortship is an intersexual relationship in multi-male and multi-female groups, it is usually observed when an estrous/ receptive female is followed by an adult male, especially in the mating season among seasonally breeding species. Consortship is one of the behavioral strategies for males to improve their mating success. In order to investigate the constraints of energetic costs on this behavior, we studied 8-10 adult male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) of YA1 group at Mt. Huangshan, Anhui. We used focal animal sampling, behavioral sampling and all occurrence recording to record adult male Tibetan macaque’s social behavior from August 2017 to January 2018. Here, we studied how male individuals maintain consortship by analyzing moving time, feeding time, mating frequency and urinary C-peptide levels (UCP: physiological indicator of the individual energy state) by using noninvasive measuring method . The results showed that there is no significant difference in moving time, but when males were in consortships, the feeding time and mating frequency increased significantly; when facing potential male-male competition in consortships, males’ feeding time was significantly decreased. In addition, there was no significant difference between consortships and non-consortships in UCP levels. These results suggest that male Tibetan macaques may adjust their behaviors according to energetic consumption situation and social environment surrounding females, this change can cause reduction in energetic cost in consortship and improve the behavioral adaptability for maintaining consortships.