Number and evolutionary conservation of alpha- and beta-tubulin and cytoplasmic beta- and gamma-actin genes using specific cloned cDNA probes

A partial library of cloned human DNA was screened for sequences represented on and specific to the X chromosome. The library was constructed from Bam HI-digested human DNA from cells with X chromosome polyploidy, and was cloned in pBR322. The screening was performed by individually hybridizing ³²P-labeled cloned plasmids to Southern blots containing Bam HI-digested DNA from mouse-human hybrid cells having the human X chromosome and from derivative hybrids lacking the human X. Of 45 clones assayed, 33 contained sequences homologous to ones represented many times on the X. In situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes demonstrated that at least four of these clones were homologous to autosomes as well. Only one of the 18 clones of this kind tested cross-hybridized with another. Two recombinant plasmids were shown to be derived from the X chromosome and to be X chromosome-specific by three criteria: they hybridized to a single band in the Southern blots of Bam HI-digested DNA from hybrid cells containing the X chromosome; they hybridized to a band of the same molecular weight as did the inserted DNA fragment; and they showed a dosage effect when hybridized to Southern blots of Bam HI-digested DNA from XY and XXX cells. One of these hybridized as a single-copy or low-order reiterated sequence in a Cot analysis using male DNA as driver. Our methods can be applied to the identification of any chromosome-specific clone. The two X-specific clones identified here should be useful in investigating the mechanism of X inactivation and in isolating a Barr body.