Freeze tolerance and accumulation of cryoprotectants in the enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta) from Greenland and Europe |
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| Institution: | 1. National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, P.O. Box 314, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark;2. Center for Insoluble Protein Structures, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark;1. Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy;2. Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy;1. Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Río Iztacihuatl s/n. Col. Vista Hermosa, C.P. 62350, Mexico;2. Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70228, C.P. 04510 México D.F., Mexico;3. Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, C.P. 35010 Durango, Mexico;1. Institute of Food Biotechnology and Marine Bioresources, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;2. Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;1. Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;2. Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;3. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;4. Department of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan;1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;2. School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China;3. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand;4. Artemia and Aquatic Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran/ Food Hygiene and Quality Control Department, Veterinary Collage, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;5. State Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Yurun Group, Nanjing 210041, China |
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| Abstract: | The freeze tolerance and accumulation of cryoprotectants was investigated in three geographically different populations of the enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta). E. albidus is widely distributed from the high Arctic to temperate Western Europe. Our results show that E. albidus is freeze tolerant, with freeze tolerance varying extensively between Greenlandic and European populations. Two populations from sub Arctic (Nuuk) and high Arctic Greenland (Zackenberg) survived freezing at −15 °C, whereas only 30% of a German population survived this temperature. When frozen, E. albidus responded by catabolising glycogen to glucose, which likely acted as a cryoprotectant. The average glucose concentrations were similar in the three populations when worms were frozen at −2 °C, approximately 50 μg glucose mg−1 tissue dry weight (DW). At −14 °C the glucose concentrations increased to between 110 and 170 μg mg−1 DW in worms from Greenland. The average glycogen content of worms from Zackenberg and Nuuk were about 300 μg mg−1 DW, but only 230 μg mg−1 DW in worms from Germany showing that not all glycogen was catabolised during the experiment. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) was used to screen for other putative cryoprotectants. Proline, glutamine and alanine were up regulated in frozen worms at −2 °C but only in relatively small concentrations suggesting that they were of little significance for freeze survival. The present study confirms earlier reports that freeze tolerant enchytraeids, like other freeze tolerant oligochaete earthworms, accumulate high concentrations of glucose as a primary cryoprotectant. |
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