污水处理过程中微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子响应的研究进展

污水生物处理系统的性能和稳定性与微生物群落结构和动态密切相关。通过深入了解活性污泥中微生物群落结构及其影响因素，有助于提高污水厂污染物的去除效果。在不同污水活性污泥处理系统中细菌群落主要以变形菌、绿弯菌、放线菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌为功能菌群；活性污泥中寄居的大多数真菌来自于子囊菌门，还有少量担子菌门；古菌以产甲烷菌为主；而病毒中分布最广的噬菌体和致病性病毒是最主要的关注点。本文通过对相关文献分析及总结，综述了进水组成、不同处理工艺、参数(理化参数和运行参数)、地理位置和气候条件等环境因子对活性污泥中细菌、真菌、古菌以及病毒群落组成的影响，尽可能全面地介绍污水厂微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子的响应。同时，对未来研究方向进行探讨，以期能够为活性污泥中功能微生物的应用及调控提供理论和应用基础。

Microbial community diversity and its response to environmental factors during sewage treatment

The performance and stability of the biological wastewater treatment system are closely related to the microbial community structure and dynamics. An in-depth understanding of the microbial community structure in activated sludge and its influencing factors can contribute to improve pollutants removal in the treatment process. In different sewage wastewater treatment systems, the distribution of bacterial communities mainly consists of Proteobacteria, Campylobacter, Actinomycetes, Pachythromycetes and Bacteroides. Most of the fungi living in activated sludge belong to Ascomycota and a small amount of Basidiomycota. Meanwhile, the most widely distributed bacteriophages and pathogenic viruses in the virus are the major concerns. By analyzing and summarizing relevant literatures, this paper reviews the environmental factors such as influent composition, different treatment processes, parameters (physicochemical parameters and operating parameters), geographical location and climatic conditions on bacteria, fungi, archaea and virus in activated sludge, and introduces the diversity of microbial communities in sewage plants and their responses to environmental factors as comprehensively as possible. At the same time, the future research direction is discussed in order to provide theoretical and application basis for regulation of functional microorganisms in activated sludge.