定陶汉墓出土汉砖表面及其储存环境真菌病害的分析与防治

【背景】定陶王墓地M2汉墓出土了一批处于防护层的重要汉砖，目前部分汉砖表面出现了真菌病害问题。【目的】根据现场文物保护状况，选取了5块汉砖表面的微生物病害样本，检测并分析了汉砖表面的真菌病害，将分离得到的7株真菌进行抑菌试验。【方法】使用扫描电镜观察、高通量测序、纯培养和抑菌试验等方法对样本中的真菌进行分析。【结果】发现未经抑菌处理的汉砖表面真菌病害问题严重，经75%乙醇和0.5%硝酸咪康唑处理过的汉砖表面真菌病害问题减弱。汉砖上的主要真菌不同，汉砖9表面含量最多的真菌为Boeremia，汉砖13表面含量最多的为虫草科(Cordycipitaceae)。然而硝酸咪康唑和硼酸硼砂并无抑菌效果，抑菌产品K100(2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮)具有较好的抑菌效果。【结论】本研究对分析和防治汉砖表面的真菌病害及对汉砖进行科技保护具有重要意义。

Analysis and prevention of fungal deterioration on the surface and in the storage environment of bricks unearthed from the mausoleum of Dingtao King

Background] Many protective bricks of the M2 mausoleum of Dingtao King have been unearthed, and some have suffered from fungal deterioration. Objective] In this study, samples from the surfaces of five bricks were collected to examine and analyze the fungi in them. In the meanwhile, fungistatic experiment was carried out on the isolated seven fungi. Methods] We use scanning electron microscopy, high-throughput sequencing, pure culture, and fungistatic experiment to examine and analyze the fungi in samples. Results] The result suggested serious fungal deterioration on the surfaces of artifact bricks without fungicide treatment and alleviation of the deterioration on the surfaces after treatment with 75% ethanol and 0.5% miconazole nitrate. Fungal species were different depending on the bricks. To be specific, Boeremia was most abundant on brick 9 and Cordycipitaceae dominated brick 13. It was found that miconazole nitrate and the mixture of boracic acid and borax failed to inhibit the fungi, while the fungistatic product K100 (2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) was effective on them. Conclusion] This study is of great significance for the analysis and control of fungi on the surfaces of bricks and for protection of bricks of artifacts.