The influence of seed apparency,nutrient content and chemical defenses on dietary preference in Dipodomys ordii

Summary Physical, nutritional and defensive qualities of seeds differ in the extent to which they influence granivore preference. In a study aimed to quantifying those differences, Ord's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii) were found to prefer the seeds of just three of twenty-nine species: Cryptantha crassisepala, Oryzopsis hymenoides and Salsola kali. Oryzopsis hymenoides was most preferred during the early plant growth season (April–July); preference for S. kali peaked during late (August–November) and dormant (December–March) seasons; and greatest preference for C. crassisepala occurred during dormant and early seasons. Regression of forage ratios, averaged across seasons, against seed length, mass, abundance, patchiness, percent nitrogen, energy content, and chemical defenses showed seed length to be the most important predictor of seed preference. Seed length combined with nitrogen (protein) content and levels of two defensive compounds, saponins and non-protein amino acids, to account for 68% of the variation in seed preference. The importance of seed length rather than biomass indicated that there are limits to the ability of D. ordii to detect small seeds and that small size facilitated escape of dispersed seeds. Seasonality in preference suggested, however, that seed escape was encountered by predispersal harvesting of newly maturing seeds still on plants. Maximization of protein intake contradicted previously published observations, but presumably reflected low nitrogen availability. In addition to small size, the presence of saponins or non-protein amino acids in seeds was sufficient to negate the positive influence of higher protein content.