Mechanisms determining the degree of size asymmetry in competition among plants |
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Authors: | Susanne Schwinning Jacob Weiner |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Fax: 801 581 4665; e-mail: schwinning@biology.utah.edu, US;(2) Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Agrovej 10, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark, DK |
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Abstract: | When plants are competing, larger individuals often obtain a disproportionate share of the contested resources and suppress
the growth of their smaller neighbors, a phenomenon called size-asymmetric competition. We review what is known about the
mechanisms that give rise to and modify the degree of size asymmetry in competition among plants, and attempt to clarify some
of the confusion in the literature on size asymmetry. We broadly distinguish between mechanisms determined primarily by characteristics
of contested resource from those that are influenced by the growth and behavior of the plants themselves. To generate size
asymmetric resource competition, a resource must be “pre-emptable.” Because of its directionality, light is the primary, but
perhaps not the only, example of a pre-emptable resource. The available data suggest that competition for mineral nutrients
is often size symmetric (i.e., contested resources are divided in proportion to competitor sizes), but the potential role
of patchily and/or episodically supplied nutrients in causing size asymmetry is largely unexplored. Virtually nothing is known
about the size symmetry of competition for water. Plasticity in morphology and physiology acts to reduce the degree of size
asymmetry in competition. We argue that an allometric perspective on growth, allocation, resource uptake, and resource utilization
can help us understand and quantify the mechanisms through which plants compete.
Received: 17 February 1997 / Accepted: 8 October 1997 |
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Keywords: | Resource competition Allometry of growth and resource uptake Plasticity Spatial patterns Competition in clonal plants |
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