Insect pollination in deep time |
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| Institution: | 1. Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l’Oceà, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain;2. Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain;3. CN Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, CSIC, c/Cirilo Amorós 42, 46004, Valencia, Spain;4. Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA;5. Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK;6. Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China;7. Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Spain;1. State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences and College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;2. Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland;3. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;1. Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;2. Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;1. Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA;2. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA;3. Plant Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;1. Institute at Brown for Environment and Society & Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;2. Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;3. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;1. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA |
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| Abstract: | Inferring insect pollination from compression fossils and amber inclusions is difficult because of a lack of consensus on defining an insect pollinator and the challenge of recognizing this ecological relationship in deep time. We propose a conceptual definition for such insects and an operational classification into pollinator or presumed pollinator. Using this approach, we identified 15 insect families that include fossil pollinators and show that pollination relationships have existed since at least the Upper Jurassic (~163 Ma). Insects prior to this can only be classified as presumed pollinators. This gives a more nuanced insight into the origin and evolution of an ecological relationship that is vital to the establishment, composition and conservation of modern terrestrial ecosystems. |
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