Modeling the two-dimensional accuracy of soccer kicks |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;2. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, USA;3. School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, USA;4. School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, USA;5. School of Human Movement and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia;1. Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;2. Centre for Sports Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia;3. Innovations in Health Technology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom;5. Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;1. Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Hufūf, Saudi Arabia;2. High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia;3. Faculty of Sciences, Carthage University, Bizerte, Tunisia;4. Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar;1. School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia;2. School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia;1. Graduate School of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan;2. School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;3. Department of Coaching of Sports and Budo, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan;4. Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan;5. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan;6. Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan |
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| Abstract: | In many sports, athletes perform motor tasks that simultaneously require both speed and accuracy for success, such as kicking a ball. Because of the biomechanical trade-off between speed and accuracy, athletes must balance these competing demands. Modelling the optimal compromise between speed and accuracy requires one to quantify how task speed affects the dispersion around a target, a level of experimental detail not previously addressed. Using soccer penalties as a system, we measured two-dimensional kicking error over a range of speeds, target heights, and kicking techniques. Twenty experienced soccer players executed a total of 8466 kicks at two targets (high and low). Players kicked with the side of their foot or the instep at ball speeds ranging from 40% to 100% of their maximum. The inaccuracy of kicks was measured in horizontal and vertical dimensions. For both horizontal and vertical inaccuracy, variance increased as a power function of speed, whose parameter values depended on the combination of kicking technique and target height. Kicking precision was greater when aiming at a low target compared to a high target. Side-foot kicks were more accurate than instep kicks. The centre of the dispersion of shots shifted as a function of speed. An analysis of the covariance between horizontal and vertical error revealed right-footed kickers tended to miss below and to the left of the target or above and to the right, while left-footed kickers tended along the reflected axis. Our analysis provides relationships needed to model the optimal strategy for penalty kickers. |
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| Keywords: | Soccer Penalty Speed Accuracy Trade-off Kick Modeling |
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