In vivo anticoccidial,antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of avocado fruit,Persea americana (Lauraceae), against Eimeria papillata infection |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Science and Technology, Al-Nairiyah University College, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt;4. Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan;5. Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;1. Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;2. Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;3. Vaxxinova Japan K.K., Tokyo, Japan;1. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;2. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;1. Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK;2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis;3. Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis;4. Centre for Epidemiology & Planetary Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Northern Faculty, Scotland''s Rural College, An Lóchran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK;1. Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia;2. College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia;3. Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China;4. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil;1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil;2. Autonomous Veterinarian, Rua Curupis, 1522, Curitiba, Paraná IN 80330-040, Brazil;3. Marcos Enrietti Diagnostic Center, Parana State Agency for Agricultural Defense, R. Jaime Balão, 575, 80040-340 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil;1. Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan;2. Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;3. Nyumbani Children''s Home, Nairobi, Kenya |
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| Abstract: | Apicomplexan parasites, especially Eimeria sp., are the main intestinal murine pathogens, that lead to severe injuries to farm and domestic animals. Many anticoccidial drugs are available for coccidiosis, which, leads to the development of drug-resistant parasites. Recently, natural products are considered as an alternative agent to control coccidiosis. This study was designed to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of the Persea americana fruit extract (PAFE) in male C57BL/6 mice. A total of 35 male mice were divided into seven equal groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). At day 0, all groups except the first group which served as uninfected-untreated control were infected orally with 1 × 103 E. papillata sporulated oocysts. Group 2 served as uninfected-treated control. Group 3 was considered an infected-untreated group. After 60 min of infection, groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with oral doses of PAFE aqueous methanolic extract (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). Group 7 was treated with amprolium (a reference drug for coccidiosis). PAFE with 500 mg/kg, was the most effective dose, inducing a significant reduction in the output of oocysts in mice feces (by about 85.41%), accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of the developmental parasite stages and a significant elevation of the goblet cells in the jejunal tissues. Upon treatment, a significant change in the oxidative status due to E. papillata infection was observed, where the levels of glutathione (GSH) increased, while, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were decreased. In addition, the infection significantly upregulated the inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). This increase in mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was about 8.3, 10.6, and 4.5-fold, respectively, which significantly downregulated upon treatment. Collectively, P. americana is a promising medicinal plant with anticoccidial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and could be used for the treatment of coccidiosis. |
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