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A physical context for gelatinous zooplankton aggregations: a review
Authors:William M Graham  Fransesc Pagès  William M Hamner
Institution:(1) Dauphin Island Sea Lab and Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, U.S.A.;(2) Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Plaça del Mar s/n, 08039 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;(3) Department of Organismal Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, U.S.A.
Abstract:The magnitude and extent of jellyfish blooms are influenced not only by the biology and behavior of the animal, but also by the geographic setting and physical environment. Hydrography alone is often thought to cause or favor gelatinous zooplankton aggregations, however, it is clear that interactions between biology of the animal and physics of the water are very important sources of population variations, especially at local scales. We summarize the role of physical processes and phenomena that promote aggregations of gelatinous zooplankton. We have identified and discussed a suite of physical gradients that can be perceived by gelatinous zooplankton. These include light, gravity, temperature, salinity, pressure and turbulence. A recurring theme is accumulation of jellyfish around physical discontinuities such as fronts (shelf-break, upwelling, tidal and estuarine) and pycnoclines (thermoclines and haloclines). Interestingly, there are few data to suggest that large-scale, quasi-stationary features, such as the largest oceanic fronts, serve to physically aggregate gelatinous animals at a similar scale. Rather, examples of local aggregations appear to dominate the literature. We also discuss various jellyfish behaviors that are theorized to promote aggregation, feeding and reproduction in relation to physical discontinuities.
Keywords:jellyfish blooms  fronts  behavior  thermoclines  haloclines
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