The relative significance of environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting zooplankton community structure in Southeast Wisconsin Till Plain lakes |
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Authors: | Scott J Van Egeren Stanley I Dodson Byron Torke Jeffrey T Maxted |
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Institution: | (1) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2801 Progress Rd, Madison, WI 53716, USA;(2) Zoology Department, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706-1381, USA;(3) 3119 W. Petty Road, Muncie, IN 47304, USA;(4) The Cadmus Group, Inc., 301 N. Broom Street, Suite 201, Madison, WI 53703, USA |
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Abstract: | Zooplankton community composition can be related to natural environmental factors such as lake morphology, lake landscape
position, and water chemistry as well as anthropogenic factors such as agricultural and urban land-use. We hypothesized that
within-lake factors, such as water chemistry, lake morphology, and human land-use would each be related to zooplankton community
structure, but that watershed land-use would be the strongest correlate in southeast Wisconsin lakes. Zooplankton samples,
collected every 3 months over a year, from 29 lakes were used to determine how lake and watershed morphology, water quality,
and land-use were related to zooplankton community structure in the heavily developed Southeast Wisconsin Till Plain Ecoregion.
Forward selection and a variation partitioning procedure were used to determine relative and shared contributions of each
suite of variables in predicting zooplankton community structure. Redundancy analysis was used to characterize dominant gradients
in pelagic zooplankton communities and related environmental factors and land-use. The major correlates of community structure
included summer phosphorus, lake depth and surface area and urban and natural land. Variation partitioning illustrated that
phosphorus alone accounts for the greatest part (12%) of community structure. Urban land-uses (residential, commercial and
paved land) and lake morphology partially explain zooplankton community variation through combined effects with phosphorus.
Small cladocerans and Skistodiaptomus pallidus were associated with higher phosphorus, shallow depth and higher urban land-use, while Daphnia pulicaria dominates in deep lakes with lower phosphorus and less urban land-use. This study contributes to the understanding of factors
affecting zooplankton community structure in a largely human developed region and illustrates the importance of eutrophication
in structuring zooplankton community composition. |
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