Characteristics of the nociceptive withdrawal response elicited under aware and unaware conditions |
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| Authors: | Dario G Liebermann Ruth Defrin |
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| Institution: | 1. IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, Italy;2. Department of Neuroscience, University of Messina, Italy;1. Psychology Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy;2. Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Rome, Italy;1. Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;2. Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;1. Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange, NJ, USA;2. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA;3. Comprehensive Center for Sleep Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India;4. Dept. of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India;1. Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio;2. Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundNociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWR) are subject to supraspinal modulation. Therefore, awareness about a noxious stimulation may affect its characteristics. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of different degrees of awareness on the NWR.MethodEight subjects performed back and forth hand movements from a common starting point towards four visual targets during which NWR was evoked when subjects were either unaware or aware of a noxious stimulation (unaware-NWR and aware-NWR). For the comparison between the NWR under both conditions, onset latencies and kinematic variables were computed respectively from the recorded Biceps Brachii EMG and from the spatial coordinates of hand reflective markers.ResultsThe onset latency of unaware-NWR (mean ± SD 73.9 ± 13 ms) was significantly shorter than that of the aware-NWR (91.1 ± 27 ms, p < 0.05). The total duration of the muscular activation was shorter in unaware-NWR than in aware-NWR. The slopes of the tangential velocity–time curves were steeper for unaware-NWR than for aware-NWR (p = 0.057).ConclusionsThe results suggest that supraspinal regulation of NWR under different degrees of awareness involves the re-parameterization of selected spatiotemporal aspects of a pre-structured motor response. |
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