Prehistoric Introduction of Domestic Pigs onto the Okinawa Islands: Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence |
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Authors: | Takuma Watanobe Naotaka Ishiguro Masuo Nakano Hiroto Takamiya Akira Matsui Hitomi Hongo |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Bioresource Chemistry, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan, JP;(2) Department of Veterinary Public Health, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan, JP;(3) Department of Intercultural Studies, Sapporo University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8520, Japan, JP;(4) Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Nara, Nara 630-8577, Japan, JP;(5) Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan, JP |
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Abstract: | Ancient DNAs of Sus scrofa specimens excavated from archaeological sites on the Okinawa islands were examined to clarify the genetic relationships among
prehistoric Sus scrofa, modern wild boars and domestic pigs inhabiting the Ryukyu archipelago, the Japanese islands, and the Asian continent. We
extracted remain DNA from 161 bone specimens excavated from 12 archaeological sites on the Okinawa islands and successfully
amplified mitochondrial DNA control region fragments from 33 of 161 specimens. Pairwise difference between prehistoric and
modern S. scrofa nucleotide sequences showed that haplotypes of the East Asian domestic pig lineage were found from archaeological specimens
together with Ryukyu wild boars native to the Ryukyu archipelago. Phylogenetic analysis of 14 ancient sequences (11 haplotypes;
574 bp) indicated that S. scrofa specimens from two Yayoi-Heian sites (Kitahara and Ara shellmiddens) and two Recent Times sites (Wakuta Kiln and Kiyuna sites)
are grouped with modern East Asian domestic pigs. Sus scrofa specimens from Shimizu shellmidden (Yayoi-Heian Period) were very closely related to modern Sus scrofa riukiuanus but had a unique nucleotide insertion, indicating that the population is genetically distinct from the lineage of modern
Ryukyu wild boars. This genetic evidence suggests that domestic pigs from the Asian continent were introduced to the Okinawa
islands in the early Yayoi-Heian period (1700–2000 BP), or earlier. |
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Keywords: | : Ancient DNA — Mitochondrial DNA — Control region — Molecular phylogeny — Sus scrofa |
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