Changes in the flora and vegetation of the coastal dunes of Voorne (The Netherlands) in relation to environmental changes

Ecologically the former isle of Voorne is very varied. This is reflected by an exceptionally high number of plant species and vegetation types. Many data regarding flora and vegetation have been collected during more than 25 years. A comparison of the early and the later data show that in this period many changes have taken place in flora and vegetation. The changes are partly the result of a natural development of the vegetation, but to a considerable extent they are due to human activities in the coastal area itself and in its surroundings. Examples of changes produced by natural developments and by human activities are given. The effects on flora and vegetation of the area are illustrated by comparing flora inventories, vegetation maps and permanent plot studies. In addition, the future development in the region which will strongly affect its natural value, is discussed.I would like to thank Michiel Boeken, Joke van der Linden and Elly van Oosterhoud who carried out the second flora inventory and Jeanette van Beuzekom and Inge Boelens who mapped parts of the Voorne dune area. I am particularly indebted to Wiecher Smant who offered assistance in many ways.