Buried germinative seeds in mature beech forests with different herbaceous vegetation and soil types

The seed banks in the soils of seven mature beech forests in southern Sweden were examined using the seedling-emergence method. Seedling emergence in the field was also studied. In the studied forests, covering a wide range of vegetation and soil types, between 1020 and 4500 germinating seeds m^?2 were found in the seed bank. Seed abundance showed no apparent relationship with the type of soil or vegetation at the sites, but the highest number of species in the seed bank was found on the mull sites. The species diversity of germinative seeds increased strongly with increasing soil fertility.
Only a minor part (10–35%) of the species in the germinable part of the seed bank were represented in the vegetation. Soil samples from the oligotrophic sites mainly contained graminoids, notably Carex spp., while herbs dominated the seed banks of the rich mull sites. Seeds of e.g. Stellaria nemorum, Oxalis acetosella, Moehringia trinervia, Viola rivinianalreichenbachiana, Melica uniflora , and Milium effusum were especially abundant in the mull soils. Woody species were infrequent on all sites, and no representatives of the early spring flora were noted in the germination tests.
In the mor and moder soils most seeds were recovered from the mineral soil, and they were believed to originate from early stages in the succession of the forest. Several sites had comparatively large seed banks of species that typically occur in disturbed forests, e.g. Juncus effusus and Rubus idaeus , but very few germinating seeds belonged to species restricted to non-forest habitats. Emerging seedlings in the field were only observed on the mull and moder sites. With few exceptions they belonged to species, which were common both in the seed banks and in the vegetation.