印度生物遗传资源和相关传统知识获取制度发展动态研究

印度是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,主张遗传资源主权归国家所有并实现遗传资源惠益公平分享。印度政府于2003年颁布了《生物多样性法》,2004年又补充颁布了《生物多样性条例》,明确规定国家对其生物资源及相关传统知识的主权、保护原则、主管部门和管理体系、获取和惠益分享等问题。2014年又制订发布了《生物资源及相关传统知识获取规则指南》,对生物考察和利用、商业开发的惠益形式与比例、成果转化程序与惠益分享方式、知识产权获取程序与惠益分享形式、第三方转让为研究或商业利用、豁免审批情况等都作出了详细明确的规定。从印度遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度体系发展动态来看,印度的制度构建过程是循序渐进,不断更新,逐步趋于完善、细化。印度的遗传资源制度体系建设紧跟国际发展形势,从原则性的规定发展到具体措施。印度与中国生物遗传资源及相关传统知识国情相似,国际谈判立场一致,印度的遗传资源获取与惠益分享管理制度体系构建思路值得中国在国内遗传资源获取与惠益分享国家制度体系构建借鉴。

Development situation on regime of access and benefit-sharing on biological genetic resource and associated with genetic resource in India

India is the one of the richest biodiversity country in the global which the claims is the national sovereignty over genetic resource and benefit-sharing on it. India have stipulated the Act on Biodiversity in 2003, the Regulation on Biodiversity in 2004 including the issue like the nation has the sovereignty right on genetic resource and associated with traditional knowledge, the principle of protection, the competent authority and administrative regulation system and benefit-sharing, ect and the Guidelines on Access to Biological Resource and Associated Knowledge and Benefit Sharing Regulations in 2014 rules that bioprospecting and access to biological resource, the form and ratios of merchandises, the procedure of results transfer the application to IP and benefit-sharing, the transfer to third-party or merchandise and exemption approvals. This paper summarize the development process on regime system of genetic resource and associated with traditional knowledge of India and analysis or conclude the measures on regimes in different steps. The process mentioned above in India is step by step and to go completely and specific. The same situation in national and international negotiation between India and China in this field, the pathway of India in this field can be brought to China for research and reference.