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Application of the fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction in clinical practice |
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| Authors: | Johannes Mair Louise Cullen Evangelos Giannitsis Ola Hammarsten Kurt Huber Allan Jaffe |
| Institution: | 1. Department of Internal Medicine III – Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria;2. Johannes.Mair@i-med.ac.at;4. Emergency and Trauma Center, Royal Brisbane and Women`s Hospital, University of Queensland, Australia;5. Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;6. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;7. Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, and Sigmund Freud University Medical School, Vienna, Austria;8. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Medical School, Rochester, MN, USA |
| Abstract: | AbstractPurpose: The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) has highlighted the different pathophysiological mechanisms that may lead to ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardial injury and has emphasised that the diagnosis of myocardial infarction requires the presence of acute myocardial ischaemia in the setting of acute myocardial injury. This case based review intends to illustrate basic principles on how to apply this new, revised definition in clinical practice.Methods and Results: The distinction between different types of MIs (type 1 or type 2) and the delineation of MI from acute non-ischaemic myocardial injury may be challenging in individual patients, which is illustrated by presenting and discussing real-life routine cases.Conclusions: Type 1?MI is a consequence of coronary plaque rupture or erosion with intracoronary thrombus formation that is usually apparent on coronary angiography. Plausible triggering mechanisms causing myocardial oxygen supply/demand mismatch must be identified for the diagnosis of type 2?MI and its treatment should focus initially on management of the underlying disease attributable to acute myocardial ischaemia. |
| Keywords: | Myocardial infarction universal definition myocardial injury diagnosis cardiac troponin I cardiac troponin T |