Assessing regional sustainable development through an integration of nonlinear principal component analysis and Gram Schmidt orthogonalization |
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| Institution: | 1. Jiangsu Industry Development Research Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210003, China;2. Institute of Restoration Ecology, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;3. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China;1. Copenhagen University, Health Faculty, Institute A, Section of Environmental Chemistry, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;2. Section for Sustainable Transitions, Department of Planning, Aalborg University-Copenhagen, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark;3. Advanced Systems Analysis Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria;4. Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China;2. College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China;3. Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory – SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology – VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic;4. School of Sociology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China;1. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;2. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Production Ecology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;3. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;1. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA;2. Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, MA, USA;3. Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria;4. Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada;5. Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada;6. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA |
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| Abstract: | The regional sustainable development level (SDL), sustainability of regional development (SRD) and system coordination (SC) make up the triangular truss of regional sustainable development assessment, but it is debated how should traditional practice best weight and calculate the whole sustainable development system level. The Bohai Rim, covering three provinces and two municipalities in China, lies in a region that is sensitive to profound conflict between socioeconomic development and environment pollution in the process of sustainable development. Considering the defects of traditional models and the multidimensionality of regional sustainability issues, we proposed an integrated model of nonlinear principal component analysis and Gram Schmidt orthogonalization and presented a novel regional sustainable development assessment method and framework from three perspectives for the society–economy–environment system of the Bohai Rim region. The results show that: (a) the integration of nonlinear principal component analysis and Gram Schmidt orthogonalization can well remedy the defects of traditional methods and provide a more objective conceptual framework; (b) the sustainability of regional development and system coordination models graphically demonstrate the essence and connotation of a dynamic sustainable development system; (c) the empirical study demonstrated that the Bohai Rim region has experienced a distinct development period in which the SRD experienced a steady decline and the SDL and SC generally increased; (d) the coordination ability can be improved by a decline in the environmental sustainability, which reveals the importance of environment subsystem optimization; and (e) the weight distribution of variables demonstrates that the most significant factors affecting sustainable development are the indicators from the dimensions of people's standard of living, economic structure and environmental pollution. This study enriches the sustainable development assessment theory and methodology, and lays the foundation for further sustainable development research in the Bohai Rim region. |
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| Keywords: | NLPCA GSO Sustainable development assessment The Bohai Rim region |
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