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Crowdsourcing indicators for cultural ecosystem services: A geographically weighted approach for mountain landscapes
Institution:1. IRSTEA – National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture, UR EMGR Mountain Ecosystems Unit, Grenoble, France;2. University of St Andrews, School of Geography and Geosciences, North Street, KY16 9AJ St Andrews, Scotland, UK;3. University of St Andrews, School of Biology, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Scotland UK;1. Institute for Alpine Environment, EURAC research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;2. Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;1. Institute for Alpine Environment, EURAC Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;2. Institute of Social Ecology Vienna, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria;3. Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;4. Major Research Area ?Alpine Space?Man and Environment?, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;1. Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan;2. Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 053-0035, Japan;1. Chair of Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 6, 85354 Freising, Germany;2. Chair of Societal Transition and Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Schloss Hohenheim 1C, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;3. Chair of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany;4. Institute of Geography, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany;5. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Abstract:Integrating cultural dimensions into the ecosystem service framework is essential for appraising non-material benefits stemming from different human–environment interactions. This study investigates how the actual provision of cultural services is distributed across the landscape according to spatially varying relationships. The final aim was to analyse how landscape settings are associated to people's preferences and perceptions related to cultural ecosystem services in mountain landscapes. We demonstrated a spatially explicit method based on geo-tagged images from popular social media to assess revealed preferences. A spatially weighted regression showed that specific variables correspond to prominent drivers of cultural ecosystem services at the local scale. The results of this explanatory approach can be used to integrate the cultural service dimension into land planning by taking into account specific benefiting areas and by setting priorities on the ecosystems and landscape characteristics which affect the service supply. We finally concluded that the use of crowdsourced data allows identifying spatial patterns of cultural ecosystem service preferences and their association with landscape settings.
Keywords:Non-material ecosystem benefits  Cultural service preferences  Social perceptions  Photoseries analysis  Spatially varying relationships  Land use planning  Recreational choice
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