Energy budgeting and emergy synthesis of rainfed maize–wheat rotation system with different soil amendment applications |
| |
| Institution: | 1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi, 110 012, India;2. International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), South Asia Program, Gurgaon, 122016, Haryana, India;3. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi, 110 012, India;4. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Kabul, 11082010, Afghanistan;5. ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management (IIWM), Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India;1. Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi 110012 (India);2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012 (India);3. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, New Delhi 110012 (India);4. Borlaug Institute for South Asia, Samastipur 848125 (India);5. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004 (India);6. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Kabul 11082010 (Afghanistan);1. College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University-Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China;2. Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2. College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India;2. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India |
| |
| Abstract: | Soil is a non-renewable resource and its preservation is essential for food security, ecosystem services and our sustainable future. Simultaneously, it is a major challenge to substitute non-renewable fossil based resources with renewable resources to reduce environmental load. In order to check soil erosion vis-a-vis degradation of sloppy lands of rainfed maize–wheat rotation system, fertilization with organic manure supplemented with inorganic fertilizers is required. In order to address these issues, substitution of 50% NPK through four organic manures viz. farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), poultry manure (PM) and in situ green manuring (GM) of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) were evaluated against 100% NPK through inorganic fertilizers and through FYM for energy budgeting and emergy synthesis during 2009–2014. Integrated use of FYM along with 50% NPK fertilizers could maintain the highest energy ratio (7.3), human energy profitability (142.4), energy productivity (0.22 kg MJ−1), and energy profitability (6.3 MJ ha−1) over other treatments. However, GM and inorganic fertilizers on equal NPK basis maintained the highest energy intensiveness (24.61 MJ US $−1) and exhibited higher emergy yield ratio (2.66) and lower emergy investment ratio (0.60) and environmental loading ratio (3.74) which resulted into higher environmental sustainability index (0.71) over other treatments. Fertilization with organic manure (FYM) alone could not compete with other fertilized options to energy budgeting and emergy synthesis except specific energy. The study demonstrated that innovative integrated nutrient management of chemical fertilizers and organic manures particularly FYM for energy budgeting and GM for emergy synthesis may be considered as feasible and environment-friendly options for soil conservation, thereby benefiting a 50% saving on costly chemical fertilizers in non-OPEC countries which import most of its phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. |
| |
| Keywords: | Environmental loading ratio Fertilizers Organic manure Run-off Soil loss Transformity |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
