Analysis of temporal change in delivery of ecosystem services over 20 years at long term monitoring sites of the UK Environmental Change Network |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, UK;2. Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK;3. Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK;4. James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK;5. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK;6. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK;7. Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK;8. Natural Resources Wales, Maes-Y-Ffynnon, Ffordd Penrhos, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DW, UK;1. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21307-0028, United States;2. Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX11 1DT, UK;3. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;4. Earthwatch Institute, Oxford, UK;5. Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK;6. Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK;7. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK;1. Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments (CREA-SCA), via C. Ulpiani, 5, Bari 70125, Italy;2. DIBAF, Dipartimento per l’Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, University of Tuscia, via C. de Lellis, Viterbo 01100, Italy;1. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK;2. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, UK;3. Natural England, 1 Southampton Road, Lyndhurst, Hampshire SO43 7BU, UK;4. Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK;5. Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK;6. Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK;7. Natural Resources Wales, Maes-Y-Ffynnon, Ffordd Penrhos, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DW, UK;8. Dstl, Porton, UK;9. James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK;10. AFBINI, Large Park, Hillsborough, Down BT26 6DR, UK;11. ADAS UK Ltd., Drayton, Alcester Road, Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire CV37 9RQ, UK;12. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK;1. CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, PO Box 12139, Earlville BC, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia;2. Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 12139, Earlville BC, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia;3. CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, CSIRO Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia;4. Girringun Aboriginal Corporation, 235 Victoria Street, Cardwell, Qld 4849, Australia;5. Sustainability Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Business, University of Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia;6. Eastern Kuku-Yalanji Traditional Owner, Qld, Australia;7. Central Wet Tropics Institute for Country and Culture Aboriginal Corporation, PO Box 1065, Manunda, Qld 4870, Australia;8. Mamu Traditional Owner, PO Box 1065, Manunda, Qld 4870, Australia;9. Rainforest Aboriginal Peoples׳ Alliance, Qld, Australia;10. The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, PO Box 82, Mirriwinni, Qld 4871, Australia;1. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, PANGEA Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Australia;2. Faculty of Transdisciplinary Innovation, University of Technology Sydney, Australia;3. School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Australia |
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| Abstract: | The drivers and pressures experienced by farmland, forestry and upland sites in the UK Environmental Change Network (ECN) over the last 20 years are reported through the lens of recognised approaches to the assessment of ecosystem service delivery. Temporal trends in ecosystem service delivery were examined using two methods: qualitative narratives and quantitative scoring of ecosystem service delivery according to land cover. While all sites included in this study are within the same national governance unit (i.e. UK), individual local management decisions were the main agents driving change, influenced by EU and national policies. Gradual change in focus from provisioning to cultural ecosystem services was a persistent trend across most sites, and apparent in both methods. There was generally no net loss in regulating services at the sites. The two methods were subjective but as data were not available for the breadth of ecosystem services present at the sites between 1993 and 2012, it was concluded that it is more informative for holistic assessments to draw on qualitative expert opinion than to ignore less quantifiable services such as many of the cultural services. |
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| Keywords: | LTER Long term ecological research Site-based research Socio-ecological research Trade-offs among ecosystem services |
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