Assessment of coastal protection as an ecosystem service in Europe |
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| Institution: | 1. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy;2. Department of Natural, Geographical & Applied Sciences, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK;1. Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China;2. South China Sea Marine Engineering Surveying Center, State Oceanic Administration, 155 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510300, PR China;3. Island Research Center, State Oceanic Administration, 1 Haidao Road, Pingtan 350400, PR China;1. Université de Brest, UMR AMURE – Centre de droit et d׳économie de la mer, IUEM, 12 rue du Kergoat, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France;2. Ifremer, UMR AMURE, Unité d׳Economie Maritime, BP 70, F-29280 Plouzané Cedex, France;3. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France;4. CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France;5. Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement & Ressources de Bretagne Nord, Station Ifremer de Dinard, CRESCO, 38 rue du Port Blanc, BP 70134, 35801 Dinard Cedex, France;6. Agence des Aires Marines Protégées, 16 quai de la douane, CS 42932, 29229 Brest Cedex 2, France;7. Instituto Superior de Estatística e Gestão de Informação, ISEGI, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal;1. ECOBE, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1C, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;2. VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium;3. INBO, Kliniekstraat 25, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;1. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO BOX 11115, Hamilton 3215, New Zealand;2. School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;3. Department of Conservation, Private Bag 3072, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;4. Auckland Council, 1 The Strand, Takapuna, Auckland 0622, New Zealand;5. Waikato Regional Council, Private Bag 3038, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;1. School of the Environment, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, China;2. Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems(Ministry of Education), College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiang''an South Road, 361102 Xiamen, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;4. Research Institute of Nanjing University in Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222000, China;5. The Key Laboratory of the Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resource, 210024 Nanjing, China;6. Institute of Oceanographic Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;7. Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore |
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| Abstract: | Mapping and assessment of ecosystem services is essential to provide scientific support to global and EU biodiversity policy. Coastal protection has been mostly analysed in the frame of coastal vulnerability studies or in local, habitat-specific assessments. This paper provides a conceptual and methodological approach to assess coastal protection as an ecosystem service at different spatial–temporal scales, and applies it to the entire EU coastal zone. The assessment of coastal protection incorporates 14 biophysical and socio-economic variables from both terrestrial and marine datasets. Those variables define three indicators: coastal protection capacity, coastal exposure and human demand for protection. A questionnaire filled by coastal researchers helped assign ranks to categorical parameters and weights to the individual variables. The three indicators are then framed into the ecosystem services cascade model to estimate how coastal ecosystems provide protection, in particular describing the service function, flow and benefit. The results are comparative and aim to support integrated land and marine spatial planning. The main drivers of change for the provision of coastal protection come from the widespread anthropogenic pressures in the European coastal zone, for which a short quantitative analysis is provided. |
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