An update on chloroplast genomes |
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Authors: | V Ravi J P Khurana A K Tyagi P Khurana |
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Institution: | (1) Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India |
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Abstract: | Plant cells possess two more genomes besides the central nuclear genome: the mitochondrial genome and the chloroplast genome
(or plastome). Compared to the gigantic nuclear genome, these organelle genomes are tiny and are present in high copy number.
These genomes are less prone to recombination and, therefore, retain signatures of their age to a much better extent than
their nuclear counterparts. Thus, they are valuable phylogenetic tools, giving useful information about the relative age and
relatedness of the organisms possessing them. Unlike animal cells, mitochondrial genomes of plant cells are characterized
by large size, extensive intramolecular recombination and low nucleotide substitution rates and are of limited phylogenetic
utility. Chloroplast genomes, on the other hand, show resemblance to animal mitochondrial genomes in terms of phylogenetic
utility and are more relevant and useful in case of plants. Conservation in gene order, content and lack of recombination
make the plastome an attractive tool for plant phylogenetic studies. Their importance is reflected in the rapid increase in
the availability of complete chloroplast genomes in the public databases. This review aims to summarize the progress in chloroplast
genome research since its inception and tries to encompass all related aspects. Starting with a brief historical account,
it gives a detailed account of the current status of chloroplast genome sequencing and touches upon RNA editing, ycfs, molecular phylogeny, DNA barcoding as well as gene transfer to the nucleus. |
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Keywords: | Chloroplast genome History Inverted repeat AT/GC content ycf RNA editing Phylogeny DNA barcoding Gene transfer to the nucleus |
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