Contrasting patterns of gene diversity between microsatellites and mitochondrial SNPs in farm and wild Atlantic salmon |
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Authors: | Sten Karlsson Thomas Moen Kjetil Hindar |
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Institution: | 1.NOFIMA,?s,Norway;2.Aqua Gen AS,Pirsenteret,Trondheim;3.CIGENE,?s,Norway;4.Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA),Trondheim,Norway |
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Abstract: | Levels of genetic variability at 12 microsatellite loci and 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA were studied
in four farm strains and four wild populations of Atlantic salmon. Within populations, the farm strains showed significantly
lower allelic richness and expected heterozygosity than wild populations at the 12 microsatellite loci, but a significantly
higher genetic variability with respect to observed number of haplotypes and haplotype diversity in mtDNA. Significant differences
in allele- and haplotype-frequencies were observed between farm strains and wild populations, as well as between different
farm strains and between different wild populations. The large genetic differentiation at mitochondrial DNA between wild populations
(FST = 0.24), suggests that the farm strains attained a high mitochondrial genetic variability when created from different wild
populations seven generations ago. A large proportion of this variability remains despite an expected lower effective population
size for mitochondrial than nuclear DNA. This is best explained by the particular mating schemes in the breeding programmes,
with 2–4 females per male. Our observations suggest that for some genetic polymorphisms farm populations might currently hold
equal or higher genetic variability than wild populations, but lower overall genetic variability. In the short-term, genetic
interactions between escaped farm salmon and wild salmon might increase genetic variability in wild populations, for some,
but not most, genetic polymorphisms. In the long term, further losses of genetic variability in farm populations are expected
for all genetic polymorphisms, and genetic variability in wild populations will be reduced if escapes of farm salmon continue. |
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