湿地退化的经济成因分析

运用环境经济学中的外部性与产权等理论，结合天然湿地的一些经济属性，对湿地退化的经济学原因进行探讨与分析，以期为湿地保护提供理论基础。湿地的“椎公共资源性”决定了在湿地资源的使用过程中不能排除他人使用这种财产的权利，以至造成对湿地的抢先使用和过度开发：从外部性理论的角度分析，湿地保护的正外部性行为未得到应有补偿，湿地破坏的负外部性行为未付出应有代价，缺乏正反两种外部性的补偿与制约是造成湿地退化的主要原因之一：湿地资源的特点决定其产权不完整，湿地保护者无法完整拥有湿地带来的所有收益或无法控制湿地收益的稳定，故而对湿地保护不足；湿地资源具有稀缺性，但由于其许多效益缺乏市场或湿地资源价格偏低，使得市场无法真实反映湿地资源的价值，造成湿地资源退化或丧失。

Economical analysis of the wetlands degradation

The causes of natural wetland degradation were analyzed using the theory of exterior and property right combining some economical characterises. The wetlands were over explored mostly because the wetland is used as a resource of common property equally shared by everyone. As exterior resources, no enough compensation were given to the positive exterior of wetland, and no enough punishments were paid for the negative exterior. The characters of the wetland resource directly make the property right of the wetland divided, the owner can't entirely get the benefits from the wetlands, neither can control the profits, which led no investments on the wetlands. Meanwhile, the markets can't reflect the real values of the wetlands resources for the failure of supply and demand of markets, the failure of markets regulation, the lack of the price of wetland, and the low price of wetland. These factors had caused the wetland functions lost, the areas decrease and etc.