鱼类群落多样性研究的理论与方法

我国水域面积巨大,生物多样性居世界第三。然而因水体污染、水生植被破坏、湖泊围垦、江湖阻隔、过度捕捞等因素影响,目前我国许多水体的鱼类群落多样性不断下降,水生生态系统功能逐渐退化。通过鱼类群落多样性的相关研究,可在群落水平上反映水域生态系统结构与功能对生态环境变化的响应。为此,综述了鱼类群落研究中水下观察、蹦网、罩网、刺网、电捕、拖网、围网、定置张网等各种采样方法的特点,测度鱼类群落多样性的各种指数类型,距岸距离、水生植物、水深、底质、溶氧、温度、盐度等环境因子对鱼类群落多样性的影响,以及鱼类群落多样性与生态系统功能间的关系,旨在为鱼类群落多样性的研究提供理论参考,推动渔业生产与环境保护的协调发展。

A review on the fish community diversity: theories and methods

Water resource is abundant in China, with the total water storage of 2812.4 billion m3; besides, the biodiversity in China is ranked in the third place around the world. Nevertheless, fish community diversity in many water areas is decreasing in China because environmental pollution has become much more serious; hydrophytes in waters have been destroyed; many lakes have been diked; and fish catch has been exorbitant. Research on fish community diversity can be used to show the change of ecosystem structure and function stability at the community level. This paper reviewed the perspectives of fish community diversity. The advantage and disadvantage of different sampling methods in fish community studies were also discussed, including observing under water, pop net, drop net, gill net, electrical catch, trawl net, purse net, settled net, etc.. The different indexes of fish community diversity were introduced. Effects of environmental factors on the fish community were also presented, such as the distance from the lake bank, water depth, hydrophytes, bottom style, dissolved oxygen, etc.. The relationship between fish community diversity and ecosystem function was also discussed. This review can provide some theoretical references for the research on fish community diversity and thus improve correlative studies.