中国自然保护区管理有效性的现状评价与对策

基于世界银行(WB)/世界自然基金会(WWF)开发的管理有效性跟踪工具调查表，对中国535个自然保护区进行问卷调查，分析了保护区管理有效性的现状评价与对策.结果表明： 535个自然保护区的平均分数为51.95分，其中分数低于60分的保护区占69.35%，说明我国自然保护区的管理水平总体偏低；不同保护区级别和建立时间的保护区管理有效性得分的差异显著（P<0.01），保护区级别越高、建立时间越长，管理有效性的分数越高；而不同保护区面积和类型间保护区管理有效性分数的差异不显著（P>0.05）；管理基础、管理机制、管理行为和管理效果4个指标类别的平均分数分别为1.55、1.44、1.52和1.90分；从全部指标的得分情况来看，保护对象的管理、保护状况、保护区边界、资源管理和保护区机构是平均分数最高的指标，设备使用和维护、社区共管、事业费、经费管理、保护区管理体制及保护区管理办法的平均分数最低.中国自然保护区的管理体系与制度已基本建立，重要的保护对象和价值基本得到了保护，但在管理机制和基础建设方面还存在一些问题，建议从经费分配机制和经费管理机制、内部建设以及社区参与3个方面加以改善.

Management effectiveness of China nature reserves: Status quo assessment and countermeasures

Based on the questionnaire of World Bank/World Wide Fund for Nature (WB/WWF) management effectiveness tracking tool, a survey was conducted in 535 China nature reserves to assess their management effectiveness, with the countermeasures suggested. The 535 nature reserves had an average score of 51.95, and 69.35% of them had a score less than 60, illustrating that the general management level of our nature reserves was relatively low. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) in the scores of management effectiveness among the nature reserves of different class and established at different time, i.e., the higher class and the longer establishing time, the higher score of management effectiveness. However, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in the scores among the reserves with different area and type. The average scores of management base, management mechanism, management behavior, and management effectiveness were 1.55, 1.44, 1.52, and 1.90, respectively. The indices (management of protection targets, condition assessment, reserve boundary, resource management, and management agency) had the highest average scores, while equipment use and maintenance, community co-management, budget sources, budget expending and management, and management system and regulations had the lowest ones. The management system for China nature reserves had been generally established, the major targets and their values had been successfully protected, but there were still many problems in the management of China nature reserves, such as management mechanism and management base construction. To improve the management effectiveness, some countermeasures should be taken, e.g., establishing rational distribution and management mechanisms of budgets, strengthening ability construction, and promoting community participation.