宁夏西吉县养牛场粪污和周边土壤重金属及细菌群落特征

为了解宁夏肉牛养殖场粪污和周边土壤中重金属及细菌群落状况,在宁夏最大的肉牛养殖区西吉县采集了不同养殖期(哺乳期、犊牛期、育成期、育肥前期和育肥后期)的牛粪、施用牛粪蔬菜地及养殖场周边不同距离土壤样品,以远离养殖场的荒地土壤为对照,测定了7种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As)含量和细菌群落组成及多样性。结果表明: 1)牛粪中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg含量较全国平均值低33.8%～95.8%,而As含量比全国平均值高94.7%。随着养殖期的推移,牛粪中各重金属含量变化趋势不完全相同,育肥前期Cu、Cd、Hg和Cr含量高于其他4个时期,育肥前期和育肥后期牛粪重金属综合污染指数较大。2)施用牛粪的土壤Cu、Zn和Hg含量显著高于对照土壤,Zn含量与养殖场周边土壤差异显著,其他元素无显著差异,所有土壤重金属污染指数均在安全范围内。3)随着养殖期的推移,牛粪细菌多样性指数无特定变化趋势。施用牛粪的土壤序列、分类单元、Chao1指数显著高于养殖场周边土壤。4)牛粪中厚壁菌门的相对丰度最大,其次为拟杆菌门和变形菌门;育成期厚壁菌门的丰度显著低于其他养殖期,其他各菌门的丰度在不同养殖期间无显著差异。养殖场的存在对其周边土壤细菌群落的影响不明显,但施用牛粪后土壤Gp6、芽单胞菌属、溶杆菌属和Subdivision3_genera_incertae_sedis的数量显著高于对照和养殖场周边土壤。5)牛粪中有机质、pH、电导率、全氮、全钾、Cd、As含量对细菌多样性和各组分丰度的影响较显著;养殖场周边土壤pH、全磷和Hg含量对细菌多样性和各组分丰度的影响较显著。整体来讲,牛粪和土壤的理化性质对细菌群落的影响比重金属更显著。研究结果可为当地肉牛养殖饲料和兽药种类的选择、用量及有机肥的科学利用提供参考。

Characteristics of heavy metals and bacterial community in manure and surrounding soil of cattle farm in Xiji,Ningxia, China

To understand the contamination status of heavy metals and bacterial community in the manure and surrounding soils of cattle farm in Ningxia, we collected cattle manure at different breeding periods (lactation, calf, growing, pre-fattening and post-fattening periods) and soil samples from the largest beef breeding area in the region by different distances, with the waste land far away as control. We measured heavy metal contents and the composition and diversity of bacterial community in manure and soil samples. The results showed that: 1) The contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg in cattle manure were 33.8%-95.8% lower than the national average, while As content was 94.7% higher than the national average. During the breeding periods, the change tendencies of seven kinds of heavy metals in cattle manure were different. The contents of Cu, Cd, Hg and Cr of cattle manure in the pre-fattening period were the highest across all periods. The comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals in pre-fattening and post-fattening periods of cattle manure was highest in all periods. 2) The contents of Cu and Zn in the soils with cattle manure application were higher than control, and the content of Zn were significantly higher than surrounding soil samples. All single and comprehensive soil pollution indices of soil were safe. 3) During the breeding periods, Sequence, OTU and Chao1 index of cattle manure had no specific change. Sequence, OTU and Chao1 of soil with cattle manure application were higher than the soil around the farm. 4) The types of dominant phylum were less in the manure. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was the highest, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the growing period was significantly lower than other breeding periods, and that of other phylum had little variation among periods. The cattle farm did not affect bacterial community in the surrounding soil. The cattle manure application didn’t change the relative abundance of bacteria at the phyla level. The abundance of Gp, Gemmatimona, Lysobacte, Subdivision3_genera_incertae_sedis were significantly higher than control and surrounding soil. 5) Organic matter, pH, EC, total nitrogen, total potas-sium, Cd and As significantly affected bacterial diversity and component abundance in cattle manure. Soil pH, total phosphorus and Hg significantly influenced soil bacterial diversity and component abundance. On the whole, the effects of physicochemical properties in cattle manure and soil on bacterial community were more significant than heavy metals. Our results could provide scientific basis for selecting the variety and dosage of feed and veterinary drugs in local cattle farms, as well as the rational application of organic fertilizers.