新疆艾比湖小叶桦湿地3900年以来的植被及环境演变

在新疆艾比湖小叶桦湿地取得深度190 cm的地层剖面,结合具有较高时间分辨率的孢粉数据和AMS ¹⁴C测年揭示出该研究区3900年以来植被和环境演变的动态。在3420—3940 cal. aBP期间,该区为以藜科和蒿属植物为主的荒漠景观;2830—3420 cal. aBP时段,局域的优势种变为沼泽蕨,周围仍是以藜科和蒿属为主的荒漠植物;2640—2830 cal. aBP时期,香蒲属花粉增加并占主要地位,该局域演替成以香蒲属植物为主的典型荒漠隐域性湿地;1200—2640 cal. aBP期间,芦苇植物开始旺盛生长并成为优势种;660—1200 cal. aBP时段,桦木属种群迅速扩张,芦苇植物仍生长繁盛;340—660 cal. aBP期间,小叶桦种群成为优势种,芦苇数量减少但该地仍存在一定范围的芦苇湿地;340年以来,随着艾比湖湿地退化,地表水位逐渐降低,小叶桦仍能在水分条件相对较好的沼泽草甸土上生长。而近200年来,孢粉组合中藜科花粉百分含量骤增,小叶桦林萎缩,这与该地受人类活动的增强和全球气候变化等的影响有关。随着艾比湖湿地不断退缩,小叶桦等植物在新疆地区濒危,因此需增强对该湿地自然环境及濒危物种的保护保育工作。

Changes in vegetation and environment in the Betula microphylla wetland of Ebinur Lake in Xinjiang,China since 3900 cal. aBP

Based on the high resolution record of fossil pollen data from a 190 cm sediment profile collected in a Betula microphylla-dominated wetland of Ebinur Lake in Xinjiang, we aimed to reveal the changes of vegetation and environment in this wetland over the past 3900 years. Results showed that, in the period between 3420 cal. aBP and 3940 cal. aBP, this area was a desert landscape dominated by plants from Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia. During the period of 2830-3420 cal. aBP, this area became a desert steppe dominated by Thelypteris palustris, surrounded by desert plants mainly composed of Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia. In the period between 2640 and 2830 cal. aBP, Typha pollen increased and occupied a dominant position. The area thus became a typical desert intrazonal wetland mainly composed of Typha. In the period between 1200 and 2640 cal. aBP, Phragmites australis began to grow vigorously and became the dominant species. In the period between 660 and 1200 cal. aBP, the population of Betula expanded rapidly, and P. australis plants continued to grow. During the period of 340-660 cal. aBP, the population of B. microphylla became the dominant species, and the abundance of P. australis decreased. However, there was still some P. australis wetlands in the area. Over the past 340 years, as the area of wetlands decreased and the surface water gradually declined, B. microphylla had grown on swampy meadow soils with suitable moisture conditions. In the past 200 years especially, the sharp increases of Chenopodiaceae pollen in palynological assemblage was closely related to the enhancement of human activities and climate change, resulting in the degradation of wetlands and endangerment of B. microphylla. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of wetlands and endangered species in this area.