休闲期深翻和探墒沟播对旱地小麦水氮资源利用的影响

为明确旱地麦田休闲期深翻和探墒沟播对农田水氮资源利用的影响,于2016—2018年在山西省闻喜县开展田间试验。试验采用二因素裂区设计,主区为休闲期深翻和免耕,副区为探墒沟播和常规条播。结果表明:与免耕处理相比,休闲期深翻处理显著提高了土壤蓄水效率(增幅38.3%～42.2%)、土壤耗水量(增幅9.2%～13.2%)和植株各生育时期氮素积累量,从而使产量显著提高7.1%～12.0%、周年水分利用效率提高5.5%～14.0%、氮肥吸收效率提高4.4%～10.3%、氮肥偏生产力提高7.1%～12.0%。与常规条播处理相比,探墒沟播处理显著提高了生育期总耗水量(增幅2.0%～4.8%)和植株各生育时期氮素积累量,从而使产量显著提高6.8%～12.4%、生育期水分利用效率提高4.5%～7.2%、氮肥吸收效率提高4.4%～10.3%、氮肥偏生产力提高6.9%～12.4%。总之,旱地小麦休闲期深翻配套探墒沟播有利于蓄存和利用自然降水,提高植株氮素积累量,进而实现小麦高产。

Effects of deep ploughing during the fallow period and soil moisture-based furrow sowing on water and nitrogen utilization of dryland wheat.

To understand the effects of deep ploughing during the fallow period and soil moisture-based furrow sowing on the utilization of water and nitrogen in dryland wheat, a field experiment following split-plot design was carried out from 2016 to 2018 in Wenxi County of Shanxi Province, with deep ploughing during the fallow period and no-tillage as main plots and soil moisture-based furrow sowing and drilling sowing as sub-plots. The results showed that, compared with no-tillage treatment, deep ploughing during the fallow period significantly increased soil water storage efficiency (by 38.3%-42.2%), soil water consumption (by 9.2%-13.2%), and nitrogen accumulation in each growth period, which in turn increased the yield by 7.1%-12.0%, annual water use efficiency by 5.5%-14.0%, nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency by 4.4%-10.3%, and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity by 7.1%-12.0%. Compared with the treatment of drilling sowing, the soil moisture-based furrow sowing increased the total water consumption during the growth period (by 2.0%-4.8%) and nitrogen accumulation in each growth period, increased the yield by 6.8%-12.4%, water use efficiency during the growth period by 4.5%-7.2%, nitrogen absorption efficiency by 4.4%-10.3%, nitrogen partial productivity by 6.9%-12.4%. In conclusion, deep ploughing during the fallow period and soil moisture-based furrow sowing in dryland wheat could promote the storage and utilization of natural precipitation, increase plant nitrogen accumulation, and facilitate high wheat yield.