城市污泥应用于边坡植被恢复对地表水环境的影响

将城市污泥应用于生态恢复因能避开粮食作物食物链而具有良好前景,但其对地表水环境影响仍不十分清楚.本文将城市污泥与建筑垃圾按1∶1体积比混合为生长基质,覆盖在模拟的煤矸石边坡上,播种8种乡土木本植物,对生长季植物生长情况以及坡面地表水和下渗水的电导率、p H、氮磷钾、重金属、多环芳烃等含量进行分析.结果表明:坡面植物生长良好,平均覆盖度达60%;地表水和下渗水的p H值近中性,变化不大,而电导率、氮磷钾、重金属和多环芳烃含量均较高,其中,氮、磷含量在整个生长季超过国家地表水环境质量Ⅴ类水质标准;7月重金属含量最高,其中,As含量只达地表水环境质量Ⅳ~Ⅴ类标准,其余重金属含量多达Ⅱ~Ⅳ标准;随着夏季雨水淋洗增加以及植物-土壤系统对化学物质的吸收、降解和固着作用,地表水和下渗水的电导率、氮磷钾、重金属和多环芳烃含量均显著下降,生长季后期重金属含量达到地表水环境质量Ⅱ~Ⅲ类标准,多环芳烃含量减少约一半.将城市污泥直接应用在煤矸石边坡生态恢复中有利于植物生长,植物-土壤系统使得生长基质中的有害物含量逐渐降低,对地表水环境的负影响主要表现为氮、磷的富营养化,但总体上其环境安全性可控.

Influences of municipal sludge applied in slope vegetation restoration on surface water environment

The application of municipal sludge in ecological restoration has a good prospect for avoiding the food chain of grain crops, but its influences on surface water environmental are unclear. The municipal sludge and construction waste were mixed with 1:1 (V/V) as growth media, which were covered over simulation coal gangue slopes. Eight native woody species were sowed in the mixed media. The plant growth and coverage, as well as conductivity, pH, the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) of surface and underground runoff of the slopes in the growing season were investigated. The results showed that plants grew well on the mixed media. The average plant coverage reached 60%. The pH of the surface and underground runoff changed little and near to neutral. The conductivity, N, P, K, heavy metal and PAHs contents of the slope runoff were high. The N and P contents in the growing season were above the National Standards of Surface Water Quality (GB 3838-2002) V. The contents of heavy metal were the highest in July. The contents of As lied at the GB IV-V, whereas other heavy metal contents up to GB II-IV. With strong rain leaching in the summer as well as the absorption, degrading and fix effect of plant-soil system on chemical substrates, the conductivity and N, P, K, heavy metal and PAHs contents of the slope runoff significantly decreased. The contents of heavy metal in late stage of growing season arrived at GB Ⅱ-Ⅲ. The contents of PAHs reduced by about 50%. The direct application of municipal sludge in ecological restoration of coal gangue slope were beneficial to plant growth. The plant-soil system might gradually decrease the harmful substance concentrations in the growth media. The negative influences on surface water environment mainly came from eutrophication of N and P. Generally, the environmental safety is manageable.