不同施肥措施对红壤稻田氮磷平衡及生态经济效益的影响

应用始于1982年的长期定位试验,研究了单施化肥、单施有机肥及化肥与有机肥不同配比等处理下红壤区稻田的氮磷平衡,并评价了不同处理的生态经济效益,以期筛选出生态经济效益最优的施肥配比,减少红壤区稻田氮磷损失.结果表明: 不施肥处理(CK)下稻田氮素略有盈余(27.10 kg·hm^-2)、磷素亏缺(-6.85 kg·hm^-2),其他处理下氮磷均出现盈余,氮盈余量达110.94～243.98 kg·hm^-2,磷盈余量达19.06～67.49 kg·hm^-2.单施化肥(NPK)或有机肥(M)对稻田中氮磷平衡并无影响.在相同施肥量下,化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)比NPM和NKM的氮素盈余量分别低6.3%和12.9%,磷盈余量比NPM和PKM分别低3.7%和13.8%,能较好地维持农田的氮磷平衡.有机肥和化肥配施不同组合下均能提高0～20 cm土层全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量.高施磷量处理稻田20～40 cm土层的速效磷含量较高.NPKM处理的生态经济效益综合评价得分值最高(0.762),是兼顾经济和生态效益的最优施肥配比,而CK处理的得分最低(0.560).根据本研究结果,在试验所处立地条件下,保持红壤稻田氮磷平衡的氮磷施肥量应分别为:N 157.71 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 112.18 kg·hm^-2.

Effects of different fertilization regimes on nitrogen and phosphorus balance and eco-economic benefits in red paddy field.

The nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balance was studied and the eco-economic benefits of N and P were evaluated for the paddy field in a red soil area, under the fertilization treatments of no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), organic fertilizer (M), and chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers (NPKM, NPM, NKM), based on the long-term experiment started in 1982, to optimize fertilizer application and reduce N and P losses. The results indicated that the slight N surplus (27.10 kg·hm^-2) and P deficit (-6.85 kg·hm^-2) were obtained in CK, while the N and P surplus respectively with 110.94-243.98 kg·hm^-2 and 19.06-67.49 kg·hm^-2 in other treatments were obtained. The treatments NPK and M had no effects on the N and P balance. Under the same fertilization rates, the N surplus in treatment NPKM was lower than that in treatments NPM and NKM by 6.3% and 12.9%, while the P surplus was lower by 3.7% and 13.8%, respectively. The total-N, total-P, alkali-hydrolyzable N, and available P contents in the 0-20 cm soil layer increased under the treatments of NPKM. Comparatively, the available P contents were relatively higher in the 20-40 cm soil layer under the treatments of high P application rates. Furthermore, the NPKM treatment had the highest eco-economic benefit value of 0.762, which indicated the optimized fertilizer application for the paddy fields in the red soil area. The treatment CK had the lowest eco-economic benefit values with 0.560. Based on the observations, the N and P (in P₂O₅) fertilization respectively at the rates of 157.71 kg·hm^-2 and 112.18 kg·hm^-2 could well maintain the N and P balance for the paddy field in the red soil area.