重金属污染土壤原位钝化修复研究进展

重金属原位钝化技术是一种污染土壤的修复方法，指向污染土壤添加一些活性物质（钝化修复剂），以降低重金属在土壤中的有效浓度或改变其氧化还原状态，从而有效降低其迁移性、毒性及生物有效性.本文基于原位钝化修复剂种类、研究方法、评价指标、作用机制以及风险评价等方面的研究，深入分析了该领域的研究现状和存在问题，并提出了今后研究的重点.目前广泛使用的钝化修复剂主要有粘土矿物、磷酸盐、有机堆肥及微生物材料等.由于土壤结构和组分的复杂性，钝化修复剂的作用机制尚不完全清楚，其可能的机制主要包括沉淀反应、化学吸附与离子交换、表面沉淀、有机络合和氧化还原等.今后应加强从分子水平研究重金属的钝化机制，重点关注钝化修复重金属污染土壤时存在的潜在风险以及钝化修复的长期田间效应.

In situ immobilization remediation of heavy metals-contaminated soils: A review.

In situ immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils by adding extraneous active amendments has been considered as a cost-effective measure for contaminated soil remediation. Application of immobilization amendments can decrease the available fractions of heavy metals or change their redox states, and thus, effectively decrease the mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity of the heavy metals in soils. This paper summarized the present researches about the in situ immobilization of heavy metals in soils, including kinds of immobilization amendments, research methods, immobilization indexes, immobilization mechanisms, and relevant environmental risk assessment. The mostly applied amendments include clay minerals, phosphates, organic composts, and microbes. Due to the complexity of soil matrix and the limitations of current analytical techniques, the exact immobilization mechanisms have not been clarified, which could include precipitation, chemical adsorption and ion exchange, surface precipitation, formation of stable complexes with organic ligands, and redox reaction. The prospects and limitations of in situ immobilization of heavy metals in soils were discussed. Future work should focus on the elucidation of immobilization mechanisms at molecular scale, with specific attention be paid to the potential risks of applying immobilization amendments and its long-term effects on field soils.