滴灌条件下秸秆还田配施氮肥对宁夏扬黄灌区春玉米产量和土壤理化性质的影响

围绕宁夏扬黄灌区土壤质地黏重、养分匮乏等导致作物产量低的问题,于2017、2018年在秸秆全量粉碎还田(12000 kg·hm^-2)的同时配施4个氮肥施用水平(0、150、300、450 kg N·hm^-2),以秸秆不还田常规施氮(225 kg N·hm^-2)为对照,研究秸秆还田配施不同量氮肥对滴灌玉米田土壤理化性状和产量的影响.结果表明: 与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥300和450 kg·hm^-2处理0~20 cm土层平均土壤容重分别降低3.3%和5.4%,土壤孔隙度分别增加3.7%和7.1%;秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤养分和玉米产量的提升效果显著,其中以秸秆还田配施氮肥300和450 kg·hm^-2表现最佳;秸秆还田配施氮肥可显著增加土壤贮水量和产量,秸秆还田配施氮肥300 kg·hm^-2处理在2017和2018年土壤贮水量最高可分别增加13.6%和22.1%,产量分别增加31.1%和46.0%.分析产量构成因素发现,秸秆还田配施氮肥处理主要是通过增加穗粒数和百粒重而达到高产.对玉米产量-配施纯氮量关系进行曲线拟合发现,该地区秸秆全量还田配施氮肥的最佳用量为260 kg·hm^-2.研究结果可为该地区土壤培肥和滴灌玉米生产提供重要依据.

Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer on spring maize yield and soil physicochemical properties under drip irrigation condition in Yellow River pumping irrigation area,Ningxia, China

Soil compaction and nutrient deficiency are common problems in Ningxia Yellow River pumping irrigation area, which adversely affect crop yield. A two-year (2017-2018) field experiment of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer were designed. Four nitrogen application levels (pure N with 0, 150, 300 and 450 kg·hm^-2) were set under the condition of full smashing of maize straw (12000 kg·hm^-2) returning, with the conventional nitrogen application (pure N with 225 kg·hm^-2) without straw returning as the control (CK) to investigate the effects of straw returning combined with different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on soil physical and chemical properties and maize yield under drip irrigation condition. The results showed that, compared with no-straw returning treatment, the treatments of straw returning combined nitrogen fertilizer with 300 and 450 kg·hm^-2 reduced soil bulk density (0-20 cm) by 3.3% and 5.4%, but increased soil porosity by 3.7% and 7.1%, respectively. Straw returning combined with nitrogen with 300 kg·hm^-2 and 450 kg·hm^-2 was the best treatment which increased soil organic matter content, available K, P, alkaline N and total N in 0-40 cm soil layer. Compared with the non-returning treatment, straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer 300 kg·hm^-2 significantly increased soil water storage by 13.6% and 22.1%, increased maize yield by 31.1% and 46.0 % in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The analysis of yield components showed that the high maize yield was achieved mainly by increasing grain number and the100-grain weight. Curve fitting showed that the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 260 kg·hm^-2. Our results provide important basis for soil fertility improvement and sustainable production.