石质文物的生物风化及其防治研究进展

石质文物的生物风化问题普遍存在,随着全球气候与环境变化加剧,其面临的生物风化挑战日趋严峻,防风化任务愈趋紧迫.本文综述了地衣类微生物介导的石材风化机理及其与气候环境因子间的关系,讨论了地衣的生物保护作用和地衣防治中生物杀灭剂的效力评价,并展望了该领域未来的研究方向.对地衣-岩石界面的大量研究表明,生物风化可主要归因于以菌丝穿透和草酸钙形成为代表的生物物理风化和生物化学风化;露天石质文物的生物风化与包括石材基质、周边环境及气候因素等在内的整个生态系统多种非生物条件息息相关;地衣对石材兼具生物风化作用和生物保护效应.在石质文物风化修复方面,应逐步改善文物赋存的环境条件,建立用于生物风化和杀灭效率评估的行业规范和国家标准等“通用语言”,推进石质文物的科学保护.

Research progress on the bioweathering and controlling of stone cultural relics

The bioweathering of stone cultural relics is a ubiquitous problem. Weathering prevention is an escalating challenge under the increasing global climate and environmental changes. Here, the mechanisms of lichen-microorganism mediated weathering of stone materials and their relationships with climatic and environmental factors were reviewed. The biological protection of lichens and the evaluation of the efficacy of biocides in lichen-control were discussed. The potential research directions in this field were proposed. Research on lichen-rock interfaces suggested that biological weathe-ring could be mainly attributed to physical and chemical weathering which represented by mycelium penetration and calcium oxalate formation. Bioweathering of outdoor stone cultural relics is closely related with the whole ecosystem encompassing factors, such as stone matrix, surrounding environment, and climate factors. Lichens have both biological weathering and protection effects on stone heritage. For the restoration of bioweathered stone cultural relics, environmental conditions for pre-servation of stone cultural relics should be improved step by step. The related industry regulations and national standards for evaluating biological weathering and control efficiency should be established to promote the efficient development of scientific protection.