松花江干流大型底栖动物群落结构与水质生物评价

于2010年春季(4-5月)、夏季(7-8月)和秋季(9-11月),对松花江干流大型底栖动物群落结构进行调查研究,并利用生物指数对松花江干流水质进行评价.共采集到大型底栖动物16目36科116种,其中水生昆虫种类最多,为74种,属6目21科,占总数63.8％,年平均密度为66.80 ind·m-2、生物量为24.30 g·m-2.春、夏、秋季的平均密度以春季最高(90.52 ind·m-2),秋季(61.26 ind·m-2)次之,夏季(48.63 ind·m-2)最低;平均生物量以秋季最高(35.35 g·m-2),夏季(23.12 g· m-2)次之,春季(14.41 g·m-2)最低.Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson指数均以春季最高,夏季与秋季相近.各断面微生境共有种不多,物种相似性不高,最大仅为60％;功能摄食群种类数相近,共有撕食者26种,收集者32种,刮食者28种,捕食者30种.采用BI生物指数和FBI生物指数对松花江干流水质的评价结果基本一致,并与化学监测结果基本吻合.松花江干流哈尔滨断面以上水质一般,哈尔滨以下断面水质在不同时期处于污染或严重污染状态.推测大顶子山航电枢纽的修建已对大型底栖动物的物种组成、群落结构造成了较大影响.

Macrobenthos community structure of macrobenthos and bioassessment of water quality in main stream of Songhua River

An investigation was conducted on the community structure of macrozoobenthos in the main stream of Songhua River in spring (April and May), summer (July and August), and autumn (from September to November), and the water quality of the main stream was assessed with biotic indices. A total of 116 species of macrobenthos were collected, belonging to 36 families and 16 orders, among which, aquatic insects had the largest number, with 74 species (63.8% of the total) belonging to 21 families and 6 orders. The annual average density and biomass of the macrobenthos were 66.80 ind x m(-2) and 24.30 g x m(-2), respectively. The average density was the highest (90.52 ind x m(-2)) in spring, followed by in autumn (61.26 ind x m(-2)), and in summer (48.63 ind x m(-2)), while the average biomass was the highest (35.35 g x m(-2)) in autumn, followed by in summer (23.12 g x m(-2)), and in spring (14.41 g x m(-2)). The Shannon index, Pielou index, and Simpson index were the highest in spring, and were nearly the same in summer and autumn. Few species inhabited in the same types of microhabitats in all river sections. The species similarity in all sections was lower, with the largest similarity being only 60%. The species quantity of each functional feeding group was near, with 26 shredders, 32 collectors, 28 scrapers, and 30 predators. The water quality assessed with biotic index (BI) and family biotic index (FBI) was basically coincident with each other, and was accordant with chemical monitoring. The water quality above the Harbin Section of Songhua River was fair, and that below the Harbin Section was contaminated or seriously contaminated. It was presumed that the macrobenthos species composition and community structure had been affected due to the building of ship-electricity hinge in Dadingzi Mountain.