等量分次施氮对冬枣15N和13C利用与分配特性的影响

以4年生盆栽冬枣为试材,采用¹³C、¹⁵N双标记示踪技术,在果实发育期研究了等氮量分次追施氮肥对冬枣植株¹⁵N和¹³C吸收、利用、积累和分配的影响.结果表明: 至果实采收期,冬枣各器官Ndff值(植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率)随追氮次数的增多而显著增大.生殖器官(果实)和营养器官(叶片、枣吊、新生枣头枝和细根)的¹⁵N分配率以4次追氮处理最高,1次追氮处理最低,贮藏器官(主干、多年生枝和粗根)¹⁵N分配率的趋势相反;4次追氮处理¹⁵N利用率分别比1次和2次追氮处理高27.4%和15.5%.追氮次数越多,植株总氮量和¹⁵N吸收量越大;随时间的推移,1次追氮处理土壤¹⁵N丰度和总氮含量持续降低,2次追氮处理呈先升高后降低的趋势,4次追氮处理变化相对最为平稳,至处理后期显著高于其他处理;果实白熟至采收期,叶片叶绿素、氮含量和净光合速率均表现为4次追氮>2次追氮>1次追氮.不同处理¹³C同化物积累与分配不同.4次追氮处理¹³C固定总量分别是1次和2次追氮处理的1.1和1.2倍.增加追氮次数,促进了¹³C同化物向果实和贮藏器官的转移,而减少了向当年生营养器官的分配.综上,果实发育期4次追氮通过保证根层稳定、充足的氮素供应,提高了对氮素的吸收和利用,进而维持了较高的净光合速率,促进并优化了光合同化物的积累和分配,最有利于冬枣树体的生长及产量和品质的提高.

Effects of multiple times of topdressing nitrogen application under equal level on utilization and distribution characteristics of 15N and 13C in winter jujube

We explored the effects of multiple times of topdressing nitrogen application under equal level on the characteristics of absorption, utilization, accumulation, and distribution of ¹⁵N and ¹³C in four-year-old potted winter jujube during fruit developmental periods using the stable isotope tra-cer technology. The results showed that with the increases of nitrogen application times, the ¹⁵N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) in each organ significantly increased at the fruit maturity. The distribution rates of ¹⁵N in reproductive organ (fruit) and vegetative organs (leaf, deciduous spur, new branch, and fine root) were highest under four-time application, and lowest under one-time application. The opposite pattern was observed in storage organs (trunk, perennial branch, and coarse root). The ¹⁵N utilization rate under four-time application was 27.4% and 15.5% higher than one-time and two-time application, respectively. The more times N being applied, the more total N content and ¹⁵N absorption amount of plant. Soil ¹⁵N abundance and total N content continued to drop under one-time application and increased at the beginning and then declined with the time under two-time application. The relatively stable soil ¹⁵N abundance and total N content appeared in four-time application, which was significantly higher than those in the other treatments in later treatment stages. The chlorophyll content, leaf nitrogen content and photosynthetic rate displayed an order of four-time application > two-time application > one-time application during fruit white-mature period to fruit harvest period. The accumulation and distribution of ¹³C varied across different treatments. Increasing nitrogen application times would promote more ¹³C being transported to fruit and storage organs but decrease that in annual vegetative organs. Our findings indicated that four-time nitrogen application could enhance and optimize the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic products by ensuring steady and adequate supply of nitrogen and improving the absorption and utilization of nitrogen during fruit development period, which facilitates the growth, yield and quality of winter jujube.