旅游干扰对张家界大鲵生境及水质的影响

为探明旅游干扰对中国大鲵生境及水质的影响,本研究实地调查了湖南省张家界市2014—2016年间不同旅游强度下的干扰情况,测定了大鲵栖息生境特点、水体理化及微生物指标.结果表明: 重度旅游干扰(每年>50万人次)显著增加了噪音、减少了大鲵洞穴数,降低了水中溶解氧含量,增加了总氮、总磷含量及微生物数量,尤其是大肠杆菌数量,导致大鲵栖息生境质量下降.但重度干扰区的水质仍然能够达到大鲵生长要求.根据国家地表Ⅱ类水大肠杆菌标准最高值(2000个·L^-1),计算得出游客数量理论临界值为每年2604.71万人次.通过控制游客数量与旅游设施面积,可降低旅游干扰强度,保护大鲵栖息生境,促进旅游开发与大鲵保护的协调发展.

Effects of tourism disturbance on the habitat and water quality for Andrias davidianus in Zhangjiajie,Hunan, China

To understand the effects of tourism disturbance on the habitat and water quality for Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus, CGS), the interference and characteristics of habitat for CGS under different tourism intensity (high, medium, and low) were investigated, and the physicochemical and microbial index of water were analyzed in Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, China from 2014 to 2016. The results showed that high tourism disturbance (>0.5 million per year) significantly increased noise and reduced the number of dens, decreased dissolved oxygen levels, increased total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and microbial abundance in water, especially that of Escherichiacoli. Under high disturbance, the characteristics of habitat and water quality still could meet the requirements of the growth of CGS. According to the National ground water class Ⅱ standard based on the demands of E. coli in the surface water (2000 ind·L^-1), the theoretical threshold of tourist numbers was 26.0471 million per year. The intensity of tourism interference should be effectively reduced by declining tourist numbers and tourism facilities, for the protection of the habitat quality of the CGS and the promotion of tourism development.