景观资源美学评价的理论与方法

随着自然环境的不断破坏,景观已经不再是取之不尽，用之不竭的资源,人类开始把它放到与其它资源同等重要的战略地位.景观资源评价是其可持续利用和保护的前提.在论述美学、审美及景观内涵的基础上,阐述了审美心理学机制和审美途径,比较了传统与现代景观审美研究的方法,讨论了景观审美的重要理论(如柏拉图主义、康德学说、移情论、格式塔学派、马克思美学理论、Appleton理论),研究了景观评价方法的四大学派两大阵营(专家学派、心理物理学派、认知学派、经验学派、景观环境科学及景园文化),分析了国内外景观评价的成功实践.研究表明,景观评价历史发展以专家学派与感知学派竞争为特色,专家学派在景观管理中居于主导地位,而心理感知学派在研究领域处于支配地位,它们都认为景观质量决定于景观生物物理特性与人的感知判断;未来的景观资源评价仍表现出专家学派和感知学派共同主导、各自探索的特点;景观资源信息化与视觉时空动态模拟将冲击传统景观评价,而现代科技的发展将帮助迎接这些挑战.作者提出了21世纪景观评价的新特征: ①学派兼容并蓄,不断走向融合;②多学科交叉,注重量化评价;③强调环境信息,重视生态价值;④现代科技普遍应用,景观信息动态智能化;⑤景观模拟逼真化,主观感受现场化;⑥关注历史内涵,景观文化地位上升.

Aesthetics theory and method of landscape resource assessment

With the destruction of natural environment by human beings,scenic resources are no longer inexhaustible in supply and use. Human beings begin to lay the scenic resources on the same important strategic status as other natural resources,while landscape resources assessment is the prerequisite of their sustainable exploitation and conservation. This paper illustrated the psychological mechanisms of aesthetic and its approaches,compared with the methodologies of traditional and modern landscape aesthetic research,discussed the characteristics of important aesthetic theories (Platonism,Kant paradigm,Empathizing theory,Gestalt paradigm,Marxism aesthetics theory,and Appleton theory) and the landscape assessment theories of 4 paradigms (expert,psychological,cognitive,and empirical) and 2 groups (landscape environment science and landscape architecture culture),and summarized the important practices and successful examples at home and abroad. It was demonstrated that the historical development of landscape assessment had the feature of a contest between expert-and perception-based approaches,with the expert approach dominated in landscape management,while the perception-base d approach dominated in landscape research. Both of these approaches generally accepted that landscape quality was derived from the interaction between the biophysical features of landscape and the perceptual (judgmental) processes of human viewer. In the future,landscape quality assessment will evolve toward a shaky marriage,both expert-and perceptual approaches will be applied in parallel and merged in the final landscape management decision-making process in some but unspecified way,landscape information and complex geo-temporal dynamics representation central to scenic ecosystem management will present major challenges to the traditional landscape aesthetic assessment,and modern science and technology will continue to help meet these challenges. The main trends of landscape resources aesthetic assessment in this century will be the amalgamation and incorporation of diverse paradigms,the cross-disciplinary intersection and quantitative assessment,the emphasis of environment information and landscape ecological value recognition,the universal application of modern science and technology and of the dynamic and intellectual approaches of landscape information,the reality of landscape simulation and its scene technology of human perception,and the more attention to history and landscape culture.