乡村生态学概论

城市生态学已逐渐发展成一门受众人肯定的生态学分支学科，但乡村生态学未引起广泛重视．本文定义乡村生态学为研究村落形态、结构、行为及其与环境本底统一体客观存在的生态学分支科学．村落是以一定年龄结构、一定数量人口或人群为基本特征，以户为组成单位，以土地为经营对象，以相应的生物（牲畜和作物）为主要价值资源的人类聚居的空间单元．村落除具空间和生命涵义外，还直接联系地理位置、地形地势、气候、土壤和植被等景观要素与资源参数；同时，它还与历史传统、社会习俗等多方面复杂因素有关．乡村生态学的意义在于揭示村落与所有这些相关因素的关系，并用以指导乡村建设．

On village ecology.

Urban ecology has gradually developed to a commonly confirmed branch of ecology, but the conceptual framework of village ecology has not be constructed. In this paper, village ecology is defined as a branch of ecology which studies the formation, structure and behavior of village as well as the objective entity of it and its environmental background. Village is a space settlement unit of human with the features of definite age structure and population, household as its composition unit, land as management object, and corresponding living things (livestock and crop) as main valued resources. Apart from spacial and biological meaning, village relates directly to landscape elements and resource indexes such as geological locality, topography, climate, soil and vegetation. Meanwhile, village is connected with many other complicated factors,e.g., historical tradition, social custom, and so on. The significance of village ecology is to reveal the relationship between village and all its related factors,and to guide the rural construction.