黑土侵蚀区生态重建的景观结构与功能分析

以黑龙江省拜泉县为案例，研究了区域生态恢复与生态重建对景观结构及其水土保持功能的调控.在GIS支持下,结合野外调查数据，对县域水平的生态建设成果进行了空间表达和定量辨识.对比分析1989年和2002年类型水平景观指数及13年来景观类型的转移面积和转移方向、林网宏观结构变化、水库塘坝空间分布与数量变化;土地利用和景观结构调整对水蚀、风蚀的控制以及水库塘坝的蓄水功能变化.结果表明,大规模生态建设下，区域景观类型数量和空间配置的变化对发挥其水土保持功能起到很好的调控作用.1989～2002年，耕地面积减少24 731.01 hm²，林草地和水体面积增加了13 567.53 hm²和1 190.97 hm².全县55%的水土流失面积得到治理，82.2%的农田得到林网防护，43.7%的景观地表超渗径流得到集蓄.景观结构调整应注意增加林草地等类型斑块的聚集度；调节林网连接度、环度及网眼大小；增加水库塘坝的泄洪与灌溉配套设施等.

Landscape pattern and its functioning after ecological reconstruction in black soil region of northeast China.

Taken Baiquan County in Heilongjiang Province as a case, this paper studied the effects of regional ecological reconstruction on agricultural landscape pattern and its functioning in soil and water conservation, with the spatial expression and quantity identification investigated based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and field data. The landscape pattern index in class scale, transition matrix of landscape elements, macrostructure of shelter-belt networks, and spatial distribution and hydrological characteristic of reservoirs and ponds in 1989 and 2002, as well as the effects of landscape pattern and its spatial configuration change on soil and water loss were compared. The results showed that artificial ecological reconstruction changed the quantity and spatial configuration of landscape patterns in regional scale, and exerted a significant effect on soil and water conservation. From 1989 to 2002, farmland area reduced 24 731.01 hm2, while forest land, grassland and water area increased 11 728.56, 1838.97 and 1190.97 hm2, respectively. The controlled eroded land increased by 55%, and the shelterbelt-protected farmland increased by 82.2%. The number and storage capacity of reservoirs and ponds added up to 1 490 and 2.4 x 10(8) m3, respectively, and 43.7% of intercepted surface runoff of whole landscape was collected.