Negative Effects of Conspecific Floral Density on Fruit Set of Two Neotropical Understory Plants |
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Authors: | Katharina Stein Mathias Templin Isabell Hensen Markus Fischer Diethart Matthies Matthias Schleuning |
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Institution: | 1. Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg, Institute for Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, , D‐06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;2. Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, , D‐60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany;3. University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Community Ecology/Botany, , D‐14469 Potsdam, Germany;4. University of Bern, Institute of Plant Science, , CH‐3013 Bern, Switzerland;5. Department of Biology, Plant Ecology, University of Marburg, , D‐35043 Marburg, Germany |
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Abstract: | Plant reproductive success is usually positively related to conspecific floral density, but neutral or negative effects of floral density on reproduction have also been reported. Differences in the relationship between reproduction and floral density largely originate from a trade‐off between increasing attractiveness versus increasing competition for pollinators at high floral densities. Although floral densities strongly vary in the understory of tropical forests, for instance, due to variation in light availability, little is known about the density dependence of reproduction in tropical understory plants. We used path analyses to disentangle direct and indirect effects of canopy openness and floral density on fruit set and analyzed the relationship between pollen load and floral density for two Neotropical understory plants, Heliconia metallica and Besleria melancholica. In both species, fruit set was not directly related to canopy openness, but decreased with increasing floral density. In H. metallica, canopy openness had an indirect negative effect on reproduction mediated by its effects on floral density. Effects of floral density on pollen loads were species‐specific. In B. melancholica, pollen loads linearly decreased with increasing floral density, indicating competition for pollinators at high densities. In H. metallica, pollen loads were reduced at both low and high densities, indicating an interplay of facilitative and competitive effects of floral density on pollen deposition. In contrast to other studies, we found negative density dependence of reproduction in both understory species. Negative effects of floral density on reproduction appear to be related to pollinator‐mediated effects on reproduction rather than to variation in abiotic conditions. |
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Keywords: |
Besleria melancholica
Brazilian Atlantic Forest canopy openness competition for pollination facilitation
Heliconia metallica
Peruvian Amazon Forest pollen load |
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