Cloning and characterization of the SnRK2 gene family from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis>

The SnRK2 gene family is a group of plant-specific protein kinases that has been implicated in ABA and abiotic stress signaling. We found 11 SnRK2s in maize, assigned names from ZmSnRK2.1 to ZmSnRK2.11 and cloned ten of them. By analyzing the gene structure of all the SnRK2s from Arabidopsis, rice, and maize, we found seven exons that were conserved in length among most of the SnRK2s. Although the C-terminus was divergent, we found seven conserved motifs. Of these, motif 1 was common to all of the SnRK2 genes. Based on phylogenetic analysis using the kinase domain and motif 1, the SnRK2s were divided into three groups. Motifs 4 and 5 were found specifically in group I, and many genes of this group have been confirmed to be induced by ABA. This result suggests that these two motifs mediate the ABA response. The expression patterns of ZmSnRK2 genes were characterized by using quantitative real-time RCR, which revealed that ZmSnRK2 genes were induced by one or more abiotic stress treatments and therefore may play important roles in maize stress responses. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. J. Huai and M. Wang have contributed equally to this paper.