中国嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征

 为了明确嵩草属(Kobresia)植物分布与气候要素的关系, 收集了嵩草属植物地理分布资料和气象台站气候数据, 应用ArcGIS软件及SPSS软件中的聚类分析方法, 分析了嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征。结果显示: 嵩草属植物分布在青藏高原、西北、华北和东北部分地区, 广泛分布13种, 间断分布10种, 分布海拔为1 400–5 000 m, 经度和纬度范围分别为81–112° E和23–46° N。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素平均值范围: 年生物学温度为4–19 ℃, 年平均气温为0–20 ℃, 年平均最高气温为7–28 ℃, 年平均最低气温为–6–16 ℃, 极端最高气温为25–40 ℃, 极端最低气温为–37.0–0.0 ℃, 1月和7月平均气温分别为–14–13 ℃和11–24 ℃, 1月和7月最高气温分别为–7–23 ℃和18–30 ℃, 1月和7月最低气温分别为–22–7 ℃和5–20 ℃, 春夏秋冬季气温分别为–4–19 ℃、9–23 ℃、6–21 ℃和–11–15 ℃, 温暖指数为23–159 ℃, 寒冷指数为–36–0 ℃, 年降水量为154–1 500 mm, 春夏秋冬降水量分别为19–135 mm、53–662 mm、48–545 mm和5–92 mm, Holdridge潜在蒸散量为261–1 100 mm, Thornthwaite潜在蒸发量为399–895 mm, 干燥度为167–786, 湿润指数为179–816, 4–10月日照时数为990–2 100 h。在热量要素平均值较低和中等、降水量与干燥湿润度平均值中等或辐射时数平均值较高范围下分布种数较多。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素极值, 年平均气温最小最大值范围为–6–21 ℃, 年平均最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为–12–28 ℃, 极端最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为–48–42 ℃, 最冷最热月气温范围为–32–33 ℃, 冬夏季最低最高气温范围为–20–25 ℃, 降水量最小最大值范围为15–1 800 mm, 干燥度最小最大值范围为7–890, 日照时数最小最大值范围为701–2 300 h。在热量要素极值较低、降水量及干燥度极值中等或日照时数极值较大范围下分布种数较多。说明嵩草属植物主要适应于低温亚湿润型和中温湿润型气候。

Geographical distribution pattern and climate characteristics of adaptation for Kobresia in China

Aims Our objective was to determine the distribution pattern and climate characteristics of Kobresia in China.Methods Distribution information was collected from the literature and floras.Climate information was col-lected from China’s meteorological stations.ArcGIS software and cluster analysis methods in SPSS software were applied to analyze data.Important findings Kobresia is mainly distributed on the Tibetan Plateau and in northern China.Fifteen species have wide distributions,and ten have disjunct distributions.The ranges of elevation,latitude and longitude of Ko-bresia’s distribution are 1 400-5 000 m,23-46°N and 81-112°E,respectively.Mean values of climatic factors are Holdridge annual biotemperature of 4-19℃,annual mean air temperature of 0-20℃,annual mean maximum and minimum air temperatures of 7-28 and-6-16℃,respectively,extreme high and low air temperatures of 25-40 and-37-0℃,respectively,mean air temperature in January and July of-14-13 and 11-24℃,respec-tively,highest air temperature in January and July of-7-23 and 18-30℃,respectively,lowest air temperature in January and July of-22-7 and 5-20℃,respectively,mean air temperature in spring,summer,autumn and winter of-4-19,9-23,6-21 and-11-15℃,respectively,Kira warmth index and coldness index of 23-159 and-36-0 ℃,respectively,annual precipitation of 154-1 500 mm,precipitation in spring,summer,autumn and winter of 19-135,53-662,48-545 and 5-92 mm,respectively,Holdridge annual potential evapotranspiration of 261-1 100 mm,Thornthwaite annual potential evapotranspiration,aridity index and humidity index of 399-895 mm,167-786 and 179-816,respectively,and sunshine duration from April to October of 990-2 100 h.Generally,there is a high richness of Kobresia under lower or medium mean value of thermal factors,medium mean value of pre-cipitation,aridity or humidity or higher mean value of sunshine duration.As for extreme value of climatic factors,the range for minimum-maximum value of annual air temperature,the range for minimum value of extreme low-est and maximum value of extreme highest air temperature,air temperature range for minimum value in coldest and maximum value in hottest month,air temperature range for minimum value in winter and maximum value in summer are-6-21,-12-28,-48-42,-32-33 and-20-25℃,respectively,and the ranges for minimum-maximum values of annual precipitation,aridity index and sunshine duration from April to October are 15-1 800 mm,7-890 and 701-2 300 h,respectively.There is a high species richness of Kobresia under lower and medium extreme values of thermal factors,medium extreme value of precipitation,aridity,and higher extreme value of sunshine duration.The results suggest that Kobresia in China is primarily adapted to microthermal subhumid or mesother-mal humid climatic types.